1. Principles of Anatomy and Physiology
Thirteenth Edition
Gerard J. Tortora • Bryan H. Derrickson
Chapter 28
The Reproductive Systems
Copyright © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

2. Sagittal
plane
Peritoneum
Urinary bladder
Ductus (vas) deferens
Suspensory ligament of penis
Sacrum
Pubic symphysis
Seminal vesicle
Prostate
Vesicorectal pouch
Deep muscles of perineum
Coccyx
Bulbourethral (Cowper’s) gland
Rectum
Ampulla of ductus (vas) deferens
Corpus cavernosum penis
Spongy (penile) urethra
Ejaculatory duct
Body of penis
Prostatic urethra
Root of penis
Corpus spongiosum penis
Anus
Epididymis
Corona
Testis
Glans penis
Membranous urethra
Scrotum
Prepuce (foreskin)
(a) Sagittal section
External urethral orifice

3. SUPERIOR
Seminal vesicle
Urinary bladder (opened)
Prostate
Ductus (vas) deferens
Pubic symphysis
Prostatic urethra
Corpus cavernosum penis
Ejaculatory duct
Membranous urethra
Corpus spongiosum penis
Rectum
Body of penis
Root of penis
Testis
Bulbospongiosus muscle
Corona
Spongy (penile) urethra
Glans penis
POSTERIOR
ANTERIOR
(b) Sagittal section

4. Anterior view of scrotum and testes and transverse section of penis
Internal oblique muscle
Spermatic cord
Aponeurosis of external oblique muscle (cut)
Fundiform ligament of penis
Superficial (cutaneous) inguinal ring
Suspensory ligament of penis
Cremaster muscle
Inguinal canal
Transverse section of penis:
Ductus (vas) deferens
Corpora cavernosa penis
Autonomic nerve
Spongy (penile) urethra
Testicular artery
Corpus spongiosum penis
Lymphatic vessel
Pampiniform plexus of testicular veins
Scrotal septum
Epididymis
Cremaster muscle
Tunica albuginea of testis
External spermatic fascia
Tunica vaginalis (peritoneum)
Dartos muscle
Internal spermatic fascia
Skin of scrotum
Raphe
Anterior view of scrotum and testes and transverse section of penis

5. (a) Sagittal section of testis showing seminiferous tubules
plane
Spermatic cord
Blood vessels
and nerves
Head of epididymis
Ductus (vas) deferens
Seminiferous tubule
Efferent duct
Straight tubule
Body of epididymis
Tunica vaginalis
Rete testis
Tunica albuginea
Ductus epididymis
Lobule
Tail of epididymis
Septum
(a) Sagittal section of testis showing seminiferous tubules

6. (b) Lateral view of testis and associated structures
SUPERIOR
Testicular blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves
Body of epididymis
Head of epididymis
Testis
Tunica vaginalis
Tail of epididymis
POSTERIOR
ANTERIOR
(b) Lateral view of testis and associated structures

7. Rete testis Seminiferous tubules Tunica vaginalis Testis
Tunica albuginea
(c) Sagittal section

8. (a) Transverse section of several seminiferous tubules
Transverse plane
Leydig cell
Basement membrane
Basement membrane
Sertoli cell
Spermatid (n) LM
40x
Secondary spermatocyte (n)
Primary spermatocyte (2n)
Spermatogonium
(2n) (stem cell) LM
160x
(a) Transverse section of several seminiferous tubules

9. (b) Transverse section of part of seminiferous tubule
Leydig cell
Blood capillary
SPERMATOGENIC CELLS:
Basement membrane
Spermatogonium (2n)
(stem cell)
Sertoli cell nucleus
Primary spermatocyte (2n)
Blood–testis barrier
(tight junction)
Secondary spermatocyte (n)
Spermatid (n)
Sperm cell or
spermatozoon (n)
Lumen of seminiferous tubule
(b) Transverse section of part of seminiferous tubule

10. Basement membrane of seminiferous tubule Some spermatogonia remain
as precursor stem cells
Superficial
Spermatogonium 2n 2n
Mitosis
Some spermatogonia pushed away from basement membrane 2n
Differentiation
Primary spermatocyte
DNA replication, tetrad formation, and crossing-over 2n
Meiosis I
MEIOSIS
Secondary spermatocytes
Each chromosome has two chromatids n n
Meiosis II
Cytoplasmic
bridge
Spermatids n n n n
SPERMIOGENESIS
Spermatozoa n n n n
Deep
Lumen of seminiferous tubule

11. Acrosome
HEAD
Nucleus
Neck
Mitochondria
Middle piece
TAIL
Principal
piece
End piece

12. Testosterone decreases release of GnRH and LH
Hypothalamus
GnRH
Testosterone decreases
release of GnRH and LH
Anterior pituitary
Inhibin decreases release of FSH
Gonadotroph
Together with testosterone, FSH stimulates spermatogenesis
LH stimulates testosterone secretion
FSH LH
Inhibin
Testosterone
ABP
Spermatogenic cells
Leydig cells secrete testosterone
Sertoli cells secrete androgenbinding protein (ABP)
Dihydrotestosterone (DHT)
Key: LH
LH receptor
FSH
FSH receptor
Testosterone
Androgen receptor
Male pattern of development (before birth)
Enlargement of male sex organs and expression of male secondary sex characteristics (starting at puberty)
Anabolism (protein synthesis)

13. Receptors Control center Effectors
Some stimulus disrupts homeostasis by
Increasing
Blood level of testosterone
Receptors
Cells in hypothalamus that secrete GnRH
Decreased GnRH
in portal blood
Input
Control center
Return to homeostasis when response brings blood level of testosterone back to normal
Anterior
pituitary
gonadotrophs
Decreased LH
in systemic blood
Output
Effectors
Leydig cells in testes secrete less testosterone
Decrease in blood level of testosterone

14. (a) Posterior view of male accessory organs of reproduction
Right ductus
(vas) deferens
View
Urinary bladder
Left ureter
Ampulla of ductus
(vas) deferens
Hip bone (cut)
Seminal vesicle
Prostate
Seminal vesicle duct
Prostatic urethra
Ejaculatory duct
Membranous (intermediate) urethra
Deep muscles of perineum
Crus of penis
Bulbourethral (Cowper’s) gland
Bulb of penis
Corpora cavernosa penis
Corpus spongiosum penis
Spongy (penile) urethra
(a) Posterior view of male accessory organs of reproduction

15. (b) Posterior view of male accessory organs of reproduction
Urinary bladder
Hip bone
Left ureter
Right ductus (vas) deferens
Pelvic diaphragm
Seminal vesicle
Obturator internus muscle
Ampulla of ductus (vas) deferens
Deep muscles of perineum
Prostate
Bulbospongiosus muscle
(b) Posterior view of male accessory organs of reproduction

16. External urethral orifice
Urinary bladder
Internal urethral orifice
Prostate
Prostatic urethra
Orifice of ejaculatory duct
Deep muscles of perineum
Membranous urethra
Bulbourethral (Cowper’s) gland
ROOT OF PENIS:
Bulb of penis
Crus of penis
BODY OF PENIS:
Corpora cavernosa penis
Corpus spongiosum penis
Spongy (penile) urethra
Corona
GLANS PENIS
Frontal
plane
Prepuce (foreskin)
External urethral orifice
(a) Frontal section

17. (b) Transverse section
Skin
Deep
dorsal
vein
Superficial (subcutaneous)
dorsal vein
Dorsal
artery
Subcutaneous layer
Fascia
Transverse
plane
Dorsal
Corpora cavernosa penis
Tunica albuginea of corpora cavernosa
Deep artery of penis
Corpus spongiosum penis
Spongy (penile) urethra
Ventral
Tunica albuginea of corpus spongiosum penis
(b) Transverse section

18. (c) Transverse section
plane
Superficial dorsal vein
Deep dorsal vein
Skin
Dorsal artery
Subcutaneous
layer
Corpora cavernosa penis
Tunica albuginea of corpora cavernosa
Deep artery of penis
Spongy (penile) urethra
Corpus spongiosum penis
Tunica albuginea of corpus
spongiosum penis
(c) Transverse section

19. Uterine (fallopian) tube
Fimbriae
Sagittal
plane
Ovary
Uterus
Sacrum
Round ligament of uterus
Uterosacral ligament
Cervix
Posterior fornix of vagina
Urinary bladder
Rectouterine pouch
(pouch of Douglas)
Pubic symphysis
Vesicouterine pouch
Mons pubis
Coccyx
Clitoris
Rectum
Urethra
Labium majus
Anus
External urethral orifice
Vagina
(a) Sagittal section
Labium minus

20. Fimbriae
Ovary
Uterine (fallopian) tube
Fundus of uterus
Body of uterus
Rectouterine pouch
(pouch of Douglas)
Cervix of uterus
Urinary bladder
Vesicouterine pouch
Pubic symphysis
Mons pubis
Vagina
Clitoris
Rectum
Urethra
Labium minus
Labium majus
(b) Sagittal section

21. Superior view of transverse section
ANTERIOR
Rectus abdominis muscle
Urinary bladder
Uterus
View
Transverse
plane
Round ligament
Ovarian ligament
Mesovarium
Uterine (fallopian) tube
Ovary
Cecum
Rectouterine pouch
(pouch of Douglas)
Broad ligament
Vermiform appendix
Suspensory ligament
Cardinal ligament
Ureter
Uterosacral ligament
Ileum
Common iliac artery
Sigmoid colon
POSTERIOR
Superior view of transverse section

22. (a) Frontal section Primordial follicle Secondary follicle Germinal
epithelium
Primary
follicle
Ovarian cortex
Frontal
plane
Follicular fluid
Mature (graafian) follicle
Blood vessels in
hilum of ovary
Ovarian medulla
Corpus hemorrhagicum
(ruptured follicle)
Corpus albicans
Corona radiata
Ovulation discharges
secondary oocyte
Degenerating
corpus luteum
Blood clot
Corpus
luteum
(a) Frontal section

23. Blood vessel in hilum of ovary
Germinal epithelium
Ovarian cortex
Ovarian medulla
Blood vessel in hilum of ovary
Degenerating mature (graafian) follicle
(b) Hemisection LM
20x

24. (c) Ovulation of a secondary oocyte
Ovary
Secondary
oocyte LM
30x
(c) Ovulation of a secondary oocyte

25. (a) Primordial follicle
Primary oocyte
Follicular cells
Basement
membrane
Stromal
cell
Collagen
fiber
(a) Primordial follicle

26. (b) Late primary follicle
Basement
membrane
Zona pellucida
Granulosa
cells
Collagen fiber
Primary
oocyte
Theca folliculi
(b) Late primary follicle

27. (c) Secondary follicle
Zona pellucida
Basement
membrane
Antrum
Corona
radiata
Theca folliculi:
Theca externa
Theca interna
Primary
oocyte
Stromal cell
Collagen fiber
Granulosa
cells
Blood vessels
(c) Secondary follicle

28. (d) Mature (graafian) follicle
Basement
membrane
Zona pellucida
Antrum filled with follicular fluid
Corona
radiata
Primary
oocyte
Theca folliculi:
Theca externa
Theca interna
Granulosa
cells
(d) Mature (graafian) follicle

29. Primary follicle granulosa cells
Germinal epithelium
Tunica albuginea
Primordial follicle
Ovarian cortex
Primary follicle granulosa cells
Theca folliculi
Zona pellucida
Primary oocyte
Secondary follicle granulosa cells
Secondary follicle
Corpus luteum LM
30x
(e) Ovarian cortex

30. (f) Secondary follicle
Primary oocyte
Zona pellucida
Corona radiata
Secondary follicle
granulosa cells
Antrum filled with
follicular fluid
Theca folliculi LM
70x
(f) Secondary follicle

31. 2n 2n n n n n n n n n n 2n During fetal development meiosis I begins.
Oogonium
After puberty, primary oocytes complete meiosis I, which produces a secondary oocyte and a first polar body that may or may not divide again. 2n
Meiosis I
Primary oocyte n n
First
polar body
Secondary
oocyte
The secondary oocyte begins meiosis II.
Ovulation n n
A secondary oocyte (and first polar body) is ovulated. n n
Sperm
cell +
Secondary
oocyte
Meiosis II
Fertilization
After fertilization, meiosis II resumes. The oocyte splits into an ovum and a second polar body. n n n
Ovum
Second
polar body
The nuclei of the sperm cell and the ovum unite, forming a diploid (2n) zygote. 2n
Zygote

32. All polar bodies degenerate
Fetal period 2n
Oogonium
Mitosis 2n
Primary oocyte
Primordial follicle
Meiosis in progress
Primary oocyte
(in prophase I) 2n
Childhood (no development
of follicles)
Primary
oocyte
(still in prophase I) 2n
Primary follicle
Puberty to menopause
each month
Secondary follicle 2n
Primary oocyte
Meiosis I completed by one primary oocyte each month n n
Secondary oocyte (in metaphase II)
Mature (graafian) follicle
First polar body
Ovulation
Meiosis II of first polar body may or may not occur
Sperm cell n
Ovulated secondary oocyte n
Meiosis II completed
if fertilization occurs n n n 2n
Second
polar body
Ovum
All polar bodies degenerate

33. Posterior view of uterus and associated structures
Isthmus of uterine tube
Fimbriae of uterine tube
Fundus of uterus
Infundibulum of uterine tube
Ampulla of
uterine tube
Suspensory
ligament
Infundibulum of
uterine tube
Uterine (fallopian) tube
Uterine cavity
Ovary
Endometrium
Ovarian ligament
Myometrium
Broad ligament
Perimetrium
Body of uterus
Internal os
Ureter
Cervix of uterus
Isthmus
Cervical canal
Uterosacral ligament
Lateral fornix
External os
Rugae
Vagina
View
Posterior view of uterus and associated structures

34. (a) Details of epithelium
Transverse plane
Uterine tube
Cilia
Peg cell (nonciliated) with microvilli
Ciliated simple columnar cell
Lamina propria (areolar connective tissue)
Lumen of
uterine tube LM
400x
(a) Details of epithelium

35. (b) Details of epithelium in surface view
Cilia of ciliated
simple columnar
epithelial cell
Peg cell
(nonciliated)
with microvilli
SEM
4000x
(b) Details of epithelium in surface view

36. Lumen of uterus
Endometrium:
Stratum functionalis
Stratum
basalis
Myometrium:
Inner longitudinal layer
Middle
circular
layer
Outer
longitudinal
layer:
(a) Transverse section through the uterine wall: second week of menstrual cycle (left) and third week of menstrual cycle (right)
Perimetrium LM
10x LM 8x

37. (b) Details of endometrium
Lumen of uterus
Simple columnar epithelium
Stratum functionalis
Endometrial gland
Stratum
basalis LM
115x
(b) Details of endometrium

38. Anterior view with left side of uterus partially sectioned
Perimetrium
Myometrium
Endometrium
Uterine cavity
Radial artery
Endometrial gland
Arcuate artery
Endometrium:
Stratum functionalis
Uterine artery
Stratum basalis
Straight arteriole
Radial artery
Cervix
Details of portion
of uterine wall
Spiral arteriole
Vagina
Uterine artery
Anterior view with left side of uterus partially sectioned

39. Mons pubis
Prepuce of clitoris
Labia majora (spread)
Clitoris
Labia minora (spread
exposing vestibule)
External urethral orifice
Hymen
Vaginal orifice (dilated)
Anus
(a) Inferior view

40. (b) Transverse section through vaginal wall
Lumen of vagina
Mucosa:
Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Lamina propria
Muscularis:
Inner
circular
layer
Transverse plane
Vagina
Outer
longitudinal
layer LM
15x
Adventitia
(b) Transverse section through vaginal wall

41. Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Lumen of vagina
Mucosa:
Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Lamina propria LM
100x
(c) Details of mucosa

42. Pubic symphysis
Bulb of the vestibule
Clitoris
Ischiocavernosus muscle
External urethral orifice
Greater vestibular (Bartholin’s) gland
Vaginal orifice (dilated)
Superficial transverse perineal muscle
Bulbospongiosus muscle
UROGENITAL TRIANGLE
ANAL TRIANGLE
Ischial tuberosity
External anal sphincter
Anus
Coccyx
Gluteus maximus
Inferior view

43. (b) Anterior view, partially sectioned
Rib
Suspensory ligament of the breast (Cooper’s ligament)
Pectoral fascia
Pectoralis major muscle
Intercostal muscles
Lobule containing alveoli
Secondary tubule
Mammary duct
Lactiferous sinus
Areola
Lactiferous duct
Nipple
Nipple
Areola
Adipose tissue in subcutaneous layer
Sagittal plane
(a) Sagittal section
(b) Anterior view, partially sectioned

44. GnRH
Hypothalamus
GnRH stimulates
release of FSH and LH
Anterior pituitary gland
FSH LH
FSH stimulates
LH stimulates
Growing
follicles
Ovaries
Ovulation
Corpus luteum
Initial development of ovarian follicles
Secretion of progesterone, estrogens, relaxin, and inhibin by corpus luteum
Further development of ovarian follicles and their secretion of estrogens and inhibin
Estrogens
Progesterone
Relaxin
Inhibin
Promote development and maintenance of female reproductive structures, feminine secondary sex
characteristics, and breasts
Increase protein anabolism
Lower blood cholesterol
Moderate levels inhibit release of GnRH, FSH, and LH
Works with estrogens to prepare endometrium for implantation
Prepares mammary glands to secrete milk
Inhibits release of GnRH and LH
Inhibits contractions of uterine smooth muscle
During labor, increases flexibility of pubic symphysis and dilates uterine cervix
Inhibits release of FSH and, to a lesser extent, LH

45. (a) Hormonal regulation of changes in the ovary and uterus
Hypothalamus
GnRH
Anterior
pituitary
Follicular phase
FSH
Luteal phase LH
Mature (graafian) follicle
Corpus
Hemor-
rhagicum
Primordial
follicles
Primary
follicles
Secondary
follicle
Ovulation
Corpus luteum
Corpus
albicans
Ovarian cycle
Progesterone and estrogens
Estrogens
Secretory phase
Menstruation
Uterine
(menstrual)
cycle
Proliferative phase
Stratum
functionalis
Menstruation
Stratum
basalis
Days
Menstrual
phase
Preovulatory
phase
Postovulatory
phase
Ovulation
(a) Hormonal regulation of changes in the ovary and uterus

46. Hormone concentrationLH
Progesterone
Estrogens
Hormone concentration
FSH
Days
(b) Changes in concentration of anterior pituitary and ovarian hormones

47. Hypothalamus
GnRH 1
High levels of estrogens from almost mature follicle stimulate release of more GnRH and LH 2
GnRH promotes release of FSH and more LH
Anterior pituitary LH 3
LH surge brings about ovulation
Ovulated secondary oocyte
Ovary
Almost mature
(graafian) follicle
Corpus hemorrhagicum
(ruptured follicle)

48. Hypothalamus GnRH Anterior pituitary LH FSH Ovary Ovarian hormones
High levels of estrogens (without progesterone) stimulate release of GnRH, LH, and FSH
Moderate levels of estrogens inhibit secretion of GnRH, FSH, and LH
Low levels of progesterone and estrogens promote secretion of GnRH, FSH, and LH
Inhibin inhibits secretion of FSH and LH
Anterior
pituitary
FSH LH
Ovary
Growth of primary and secondary follicles
Maturation of one dominant follicle
Formation of corpus luteum
Formation of corpus albicans
Ovulation
Ovarian
hormones
Increasing secretion of estrogens and inhibin by granulosa cells
Increased secretion of progesterone and estrogens by cells of corpus luteum
No secretion of progesterone and estrogens by corpus albicans
Increased secretion of inhibin by cells of corpus luteum
Uterus
Preparation of endometrium for arrival of fertilized ovum
Repair and proliferation of endometrium
Menstruation

49. Paramesonephric (Müllerian) duct
Mesonephros
Mesonephros
Gonadal ridges
Paramesonephric (Müllerian) duct
Gonadal ridges
Mesonephric (Wolffian) duct
Paramesonephric (Müllerian) duct
Mesonephric
(Wolffian) duct
Urogenital sinus
Urogenital sinus
Anterior view
Undifferentiated stage (fifth–sixth week)
Anterolateral view
MALE DEVELOPMENT
FEMALE DEVELOPMENT

50. MALE DEVELOPMENT
FEMALE DEVELOPMENT
Ovary
Efferent duct
Uterine (fallopian) tube
Testis
Epididymis
Paramesonephric (Müllerian) duct degenerating
Mesonephric (Wolffian) duct degenerating
Mesonephric
(Wolffian) duct
Prostatic
utricle
Urogenital sinus
Fused paramesonephric (Müllerian) ducts (uterus)
Seventh–eighth week
Eighth–ninth week

51. MALE DEVELOPMENT
FEMALE DEVELOPMENT
Seminal vesicle
Ductus (vas) deferens
Uterus
Prostate
Uterine (fallopian) tube
Urethra
Vagina
Bulbourethral (Cowper’s) gland
Remnant of mesonephric duct
Epididymis
Ovary
Efferent duct
Testis
At birth
At birth

52. Undifferentiated stage (about five-week embryo)
Genital tubercle
Urethral folds
Urethral groove
Labioscrotal swelling
Urogenital sinus
Anus
Perineum
Undifferentiated stage (about five-week embryo)
Glans penis
Clitoris
Urethral folds
Labioscrotal swelling
Perineum
Anus
Ten-week embryo
External urethral orifice
Clitoris
Glans penis
Labia majora
Penis
Labia minora
External urethral orifice
Vestibule
Scrotum
Vaginal orifice
Anus
Near birth