1. Imperialism

2. Imperialism is…
The policy of establishing colonies and building empires.

3. Definition of Imperialism
A policy by a stronger nation (such as the USA) to create an empire by dominating weaker nations economically, politically, culturally, or militarily.

4. Why did Imperialism Develop?
Economic factors
Political or Nationalistic factors
Humanitarian or Cultural factors
Military factors

5. Economic Factors
Manufacturing nations need more natural resources and more markets.

6. Political or Nationalistic Factors
Nationalism - a belief that one’s nations goals are superior to those of other nations

7. Humanitarian or Cultural Factors
Spreading Western ideas and Christianity. It was their duty to spread the blessings of Western civilization across the globe.

8. Military Factors
Growing navies need new naval bases worldwide.

9. Early American Imperialism
Using the idea of Manifest Destiny, Alaska was purchased in 1867.
The Midway Islands were annexed (joined to the USA) in 1867.

10. Alaska is purchased in 1867
Secretary of State William H. Seward agreed to purchase Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million. (that’s only about 2 cents an acre!)
At the time, critics thought Seward was crazy and called the deal "Seward's folly."

12. Delaware!

13. Was it worth it??
Discoveries of gold were made there in the 1880s and 1890s.
These discoveries brought attention and people to Alaska.
Today, petroleum transported across the state through a pipeline is Alaska's richest mineral resource.

14. Imperialism Presidents
William McKinley
Republican
Starts US Imperialism
Reaffirmed Monroe Doctrine

15. Other Pacific Property
Hawaii – 1891 Queen Liliuokalani takes throne & against trade w/ US
1893 – Marines led by Sanford Dole overthrow Queen
Dole made governor – asks for annexation to the US

17. How did America become Involved in Imperialism?, cont.
The Hawaiian Queen is removed from power by American military force under pressure from businessmen (including Sanford Dole – the pineapple guy…)
Hawaii is annexed in 1898.

19. Other Pacific Property.
Japan - Trade relations are established in 1854 by Commodore Matthew Perry and a very young U.S. Navy

20. Other Pacific Property
Samoa – US, GB, & Germany fighting over Pago Pago
Over time US would gain complete control

21. Other Pacific Property
China – divided up among European countries
These “spheres of influence” limited trade between the U.S. and China

24. Open Door Policy
In the fall of 1898, President McKinley and Secretary of State John Hay force an "open door" policy on the nations that control China.
The policy would allow all trading nations access to the Chinese markets.

25. In 1895 civil war broke out in Cuba between Spain and Cuban rebels.
Civil War in Cuba
By 1895, Spain had only a few colonial possessions left including the Philippines, Puerto Rico and Cuba
In 1895 civil war broke out in Cuba between Spain and Cuban rebels.

26. Setting the Stage for War
In competition for readership, two New York newspapers wrote exaggerated stories about the Cuban rebellion.
This yellow journalism sold a lot of papers but had other effects as well:
It whipped up American public opinion in favor of the Cuban rebels!
The Yellow Kid

27. Setting the Stage for War
William Randolph Hearst
Owner of New York Journal

28. Setting the Stage for War
Joseph Pulitzer
Owner of the New York World

31. Printed under a headline that read:
Cuban Babes Prey to Famine
Thousands of Children Perishing in Island Towns
Sights that Sicken Strong Men

32. The New York Journal reports "
The New York Journal reports "...blood on the roadsides, blood in the villages, blood, blood, blood!"
When William Randolph Hearst sent a reporter to cover the rumored war, he cabled back that there was no war going on.  Hearst wired back:  “Please remain. You supply the pictures, and I'll supply the war.”

33. To get the attention of the U. S
To get the attention of the U.S. government – Cuban Rebels burn plantations owned by U.S. businessmen.
The U.S. Battleship Maine is sent to protect U.S. citizens and as a warning message to Spain!

34. Spanish-American War
Admiral George Dewey sent to Philippines ????

35. DeLome Letter written to Sp. Foreign Minister
“…it shows once more what McKinley is, weak and a bidder for the admiration of the crowd, besides being a would-be politician who tries to leave the door open behind himself while keeping on good terms with the jingoes of his party.”
DeLome – The Spanish Ambassador to the U.S.

36. Six days later comes the final straw!
Uh-Oh on February 9, 1898
New York Journal owner William Randolph Hearst published the letter under the headline, "The Worst Insult to the United States in Its History."
Six days later comes the final straw!

37. Remember the Maine!

41. Spanish-American War
USS Maine EXPLODES!
Over Sailors Killed!

42. Spanish-American War
April 11, 1898 – McKinley asks Congress to declare war
May 1st, 1898 – First attack Philippines Dewey sank entire Spanish Pacific Fleet

43. Spanish-American War
Admiral Dewey joined forces w/ Filipino rebels led by Emilio Aguinaldo
Aug. Spanish troops surrender to US

44. Spanish-American War
May 1st, 1898 – Second attack was surrounding Spanish Atlantic Santiago Harbor

48. Spanish-American War
Theodore Roosevelt led invasion of Cuba w/ the Rough Riders – Volunteer Cavalry

49. Spanish-American War
Battle of San Juan Hill – July 1st most famous incident of the war

50. Spanish-American War July 4th – Spanish Fleet tried to leave
All sunk by US fleet ending the war
Called “Splendid Little War”
2,500 US died – 400 died in battle?
Rest died of yellow fever, malaria, food poisoning, & bad Meds

51. Spanish-American War Walter Reed US Army Physician
Confirmed that yellow fever was transmitted by mosquitoes

52. Spanish-American War Teller Amendment – April 18, 1898
Joint Resolution of Congress
U.S. could not annex Cuba but only leave "control of the island to its people."

53. Spanish-American War Platt Amendment (1899) Replaced Teller Amendment
Gave US an open door to intervene in Cuban affairs.

55. Spanish-American War Treaty of Paris
Cuba is independent – US gets to keep a naval base on island
US gained Philippines, Puerto Rico, & Guam

57. Imperialism Presidents
Theodore Roosevelt
“Big Stick Diplomacy”
Gained US Panama Canal
Roosevelt’s Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine – it was the right of US to intervene in Latin American nations

58. Imperialism Presidents
Theodore Roosevelt
US repeatedly intervened in Latin Am. & the Caribbean
1905 – TR mediated conflict between France & Russia won Nobel Peace Prize

60. Greatest Shortcut on Earth!
The Panama Canal
Greatest Shortcut on Earth!

61. Why Build a Canal?
A trip from San Francisco to New York is 7,872 miles shorter using the canal instead of going around South America.

62. What the Heck’s an Isthmus?
Isn’t the Atlantic in the East and Pacific in the West??

63. 1880s
In 1881, the French were given permission to build a canal across Panama.
What challenges do you think they faced building a canal in this type of area?

64. By noon the temperature is around 100 degrees.

65. The average yearly rainfall is about 105 inches!
(avg. rainfall for Middletown, De is around 42 inches)
Flooding makes the ground like pudding, and you can sink up to your knees in mud.

66. It’s so humid that after it rains steam rises from the ground
Your clothes are nearly always soaking wet.

67. The Jungle grows at an amazing rate!

68. The terrain is NOT level!

69. Tropical diseases, such as yellow fever and malaria are spread easily by mosquitoes.

70. After eight years and over 20,000 French construction worker deaths, the French abandon the project.
The company building the canal goes bankrupt.

71. In 1903, Panama was a province of Colombia (kind of like Delaware is part of the United States)
The United States offers to buy rights to build the canal from Colombia for $10 million dollars and $250,000 per year.

72. Colombia refuses! – holding out for more money…

73. Roosevelt is Furious! He refuses to deal with the Columbians any longer…
On November 3, 1903 Panamanians, led by officials of the Panama Railroad and others hoping to gain from the construction of a canal, launched a revolution…

74. Teddy Roosevelt sends warships to protect Panama and prevent Columbia from retaking it’s own territory.

75. The rebels are quickly victorious and on November 6, 1903 President Theodore Roosevelt officially recognizes the new nation of Panama who in turn signs the treaty previously refused by Colombia.

76. The United States begins work on the canal in 1904.
It is a project of the U.S. government so unlike the French, they did not run out of money.
The efforts of William Gorgas defeat the worst obstacle - Disease

77. Another major decision had to be made – should the canal be sea level – like the French had tried to build or should they follow the natural rise of the land?

78. What are locks?
A lock is a part of a canal with gates at each end where boats are raised or lowered to different water levels.

79. Click Here to See How a Lock Works
(click on “Operation” when you get to the website)

80. Building the Lock Chambers

81. Construction progresses using steam shovels and human muscle
By 1914, the canal is completed – ahead of schedule and under budget!

82. More than 922,000 vessels have used the waterway since its opening on August 15, 1914.

83. 1977 The United States signed a treaty with Panama that agreed to give Panama control of the canal in 1999

84. A vessel passing through the Panama Canal pays a toll proportionate to its size. The average toll is about $45,000

85. The lowest toll ever paid is 36 cents, paid by Richard Halliburton for swimming the Canal in 1928.
On May 30th, 2006, the Maersk Dellys established a new toll record by paying $249,165.00!!

86. On average, a vessel will take between 8 to 10 hours to transit.

87. Many ships, known as “Pana-Max”, barely fit through…
Although longer than 3 Statues of Liberty laid end to end, the current locks are too small.
Many ships, known as “Pana-Max”, barely fit through…

88. Due to be completed between 2014 and 2015, Work is under way to modernize the canal and enable it to handle much larger ships.
At a cost of over $5 Billion, work includes deepening and widening the canal along with adding newer and larger locks.

89. Click Here to See The Panama Canal in Action Right NOW!!

90. Imperialism Presidents
William Taft
Dollar Diplomacy – encouraging & protecting US trade / investments in Latin Am. and Asia

91. Imperialism Presidents
Woodrow Wilson
Moral Diplomacy – promoting democratic ideals abroad
Intervened in the Mexican Revolution

93. Intervention in Mexico
Porfirio Diaz (Mexico) killed by Gen. Victoriano Huerta
Wilson refused to recognize new gov’t.
US supported both Emiliano Zapata & Francisco “Pancho” Villa
Sent troops to occupy Veracruz (port)

94. Intervention in Mexico
Diaz
General Huerta

95. Intervention in Mexico
Zapata
Pancho Villa

96. Intervention in Mexico
Nationalist Leader – Venustiano Carranza overthrows Huerta
Wilson withdraws his troops & recognizes Carranza’s gov’t

97. Intervention in Mexico
Villa was outraged & started attacking US border towns
Wilson sent Gen. John Pershing after Villa into Mexico
Carranza outraged! Wilson removed the troops

99. Arguments for Expansion
Obtain new markets.
Protect overseas investments.
Rekindle the American pioneer spirit.
Bring civilization to the “heathen” people around the world.