1. Unit 1: Early Complex Societies
Chapter 1: Before history

2. What distinguishes history from prehistory?
Prehistory: period before writing
History: period after invention of writing, allowed communities to record & store info.

3. Forming the Complex Society
Basic development:
Hunting and foraging
Agriculture
Complex society (Major development of first complex societies 3500 B.C.E. – 500 B.C.E.)
Key issue: surplus capital
Forming the Complex Society

4. Development of Hominids
Animals adapt themselves to environment (Evolution)
(Homer Simpson’s Evolution)
(Lizard)
(Evolution)
Hominids adapt environment to themselves
Use of tools
Language
Complex cooperative social structures
Development of Hominids

5. Evolution of Homo Sapiens
Researchers (archaeologists, paleontologists, evolutionary biologists) have shown similarity between humans & large apes (i.e. only 1.6 % difference between humans & chimp DNA)
Differences = (1) intelligence (able to form language, tools and communicate) (2) ability to control environment.
Evolution of Homo Sapiens
What discovery have researchers made about the link between humans and large apes? (L1)

6. Australopithecus = “southern ape”
4 – 1 million yrs. Ago
Walked upright
Used tools & opposable thumbs
Able to communicate
Discovery of skeleton AL-288-1, north of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Nicknamed “Lucy”
Australopithecus

7. Homo erectus = “upright walking man”
2 million – 200,000 yrs. Ago
Larger brain
Used more sophisticated tools
Started to use FIRE!
Cook food
Defense (weapon)
Source of heat (able to migrate to cooler climates)
Increased intelligence, communication complex ideas & language skills (i.e. coordinated hunts)
Homo Erectus
Compare and contrast australopithecus, homo erectus, and homo sapiens. (L2)

8. Homo sapiens = “consciously thinking man”
200,000 yrs. ago
Skillfully adapted to environment
Brain size similar to modern humans (conscious thought; able to understand world)
More efficient way to exploit natural resources
Communicate/cooperate on more complex tasks
i.e. make clothing for cooler climates
Migrated throughout world via land bridges
Homo Sapiens
What type of hominid was “Lucy”? How do you know? (L1)
Which hominid species made the most gains from previous species? Explain your answer. (L3)

10. Global Migrations of Homo erectus and Homo sapiens
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11. The Natural Environment
By 13,000 B.C.E., Homo sapiens in every part of world
Archaeological finds:
Sophisticated tools
Choppers, scrapers, axes, knives, bows, arrows
Cave and hut-like dwellings
Use of fire, animal skins
Hunted several mammal species to extinction
Climatic change may have accelerated process
The Natural Environment

12. Paleolithic Era = “Old Stone Age”
Hunting-gathering peoples
NO individual accumulation of property or social distinctions based on wealth = egalitarian existence.
Social distinction based on age, strength, courage, virility/fertility
Paleolithic Society
How does Paleolithic society differ from present-day society? (L2)
Neanderthals in middle Paleolithic age

13. - Provides plants, fruits, nuts, roots
Hunting and gathering (foraging) lifestyle
Hunting and gathering
Equal contribution
Describe the foraging lifestyle. (L1)
Make a case for men (hunters) or women (gatherers) as being most essential in Paleolithic societies. (L3)
Interdependent
Men (hunters)
- Provides meat
Women (gatherers)
- Provides plants, fruits, nuts, roots
Live in small bands (more efficient)
Exploit env. systematically (seasonal migrations)
Hunt with purpose & use brain
Development of weaponry
Animal-skin disguises
Stampeding tactics
Lighting of fires, etc., to drive game into kill zones

14. Paleolithic Settlements
Natufian society (c. 13,500 – 7,800 BCE)
Modern Israel and Jordan
Wild wheat, herding
Jomon society (c. 14,000 – 300 BCE)
Japan
Wild buckwheat, fishing
Chinook society
Pacific northwest
Berries, acorns, salmon runs
Groups of 1000 or more
Paleolithic Settlements

15. Creativity of Homo sapiens
Able to accumulate/transmit info.
Sewing
Beads, necklaces
Sculptures
Fish for added food
Adv. tools for hunting
Cave paintings (animals & humans)
Bow and arrow – a dramatic improvement in humans’ power over nature
“Venus” figurines shows evidence of worship
Creativity of Homo sapiens
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16. Beginning of agriculture
“New Stone Age”
Beginning of agriculture
Agriculture = cultivating of plants and animals (aka farming)
Distinction in tool production
Chipped vs. polished
Relied on cultivation for subsistence
Men: herding animals rather than hunting
Women: nurturing vegetation rather than foraging
Spread of agriculture
Slash-and-burn techniques
Exhaustion of soil promotes migration
Diffusion of crops
Neolithic Era
Agriculture became way to sustain life through continuous food source – before McDonalds.

17. Early Agriculture 10,000 – 2,000 B.C.E.

18. Origins and Early Spread of Agriculture

19. Early Agricultural Society
Most important change = population explosion
Early Agricultural Society
Why did agriculture have such a significant impact on population? (L1)

20. Agriculture and Population Growth
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21. Early Agricultural Society
Agricultural economy and increasing population led to new forms of social organization.
Settled in permanent villages
Earliest known = Jericho in present-day Israel (before 8000 B.C.E.) w/ 2,000 ppl.
Concentration of many people in villages led to specialization of labor - with food surplus, some people did other work.
Çatal Hüyük (modern-day Turkey)
7250 – 5400 B.C.E.
5,000 people
Made pots, baskets, textiles, leather, stone/metal tools, jewelry, etc.
Early Agricultural Society
Neolithic Settlements

22. Çatal Hüyük
A reconstruction of the first city in the world, Catal Huyuk, Anatolia, present day Turkey. This city flourished from about 6250 BCE to 5400 BCE, and was excavated in part in 1961.
The rectangular shape of the buildings: as there is no readily available stone to build defensive walls, the buildings were made to face inwards, with no windows on the outside. The only entrance to the city was through ladders leading onto the roofs of the outside buildings. The streetless city offered a high degree of protection from outside attackers in this way - if under attack, the outside ladders were withdrawn, and any would be attacker was faced with a solid wall and no gate or other weak point.

23. Specialization of Labor
Pottery (needed to store/cook food)
Metallurgy
Copper (jewelry/tools)
Textile (domesticated plants/ animals for better fiber)
Mostly women
Accumulated wealth
Trade surplus food/manufactured goods for gems, jewelry
Ownership of land (privatization) = economic power (especially for families who passed down wealth)
Specialization of Labor
How did specialization of labor affect social distinctions? (L1)
Social Distinctions
How are social distinctions today different/similar than in Neolithic societies? (L2)
Neolithic pottery, excavated from Yung Long & Tuen Mun (Hong Kong)

24. Science
Neolithic people observed natural world to ensure good harvest.
Learned weather was based on position of sun, moon and stars (early calendar system)
Religion
Worshipped Venus figurines to ensure fertility
Celebrated/worshipped other deities associated w/ cycle of life – death – regeneration (for humans and harvests)
Neolithic Culture
How do religious and moralistic behaviors differ between Paleolithic and Neolithic peoples? (L2)

25. Villages form (near water source)
Agriculture begins
Origins of Urban Life
Population increases
What is the relationship between agricultural development and human population? (L1)
Villages form (near water source)
Specialization of labor
Social classes emerge
Cities are born
Civilization begins

26. Cities (1) cities = larger, more complex than villages
(i.e. governors, administrators, tax collectors to run city & priests to transmit values/traditions)
(2) cities influenced political, economic, & cultural life of larger region
(i.e. political = extending authority/military power, economic = marketplaces/trading, cultural = schools/temples to spread traditions/values)
Neolithic Villages vs. Cities
What distinguished cities from Neolithic villages? (L2)