1. The Origin
of Humans

3. Stages of Early Human Development 1. 4,000,000 BCE – 1,000,000 BCE
Paleolithic Age: ( Old Stone Age )
2,500,000 BCE to 8,000 BCE
2. 1,500,000 BCE ,000 BCE
,000 BCE – 30,000 BCE
4. 30,000 BCE -- 10,000 BCE

4. Stage 1 Ardipithecus ramidus 7,000,000 BCE – 4,000,000 BCE
First bi-pedalism known in humans, although primarily a tree dweller.
Most recent findings in human evolution. (1993)
Very short overall – Under 4’

5. Stage 2 Australopithecus Bi-Pedalism fully formed
4,000,000 BCE – 1,000,000 BCE
Australopithecus
Bi-Pedalism fully formed
Predominately ground dwelling.
Would look like a large walking Ape to us.
Opposable Thumb.
Most famous example is the “Lucy” skeleton discovered in 1975 by Dr. Donald Johanson.

6. The Paleolithic Age
“Paleolithic” --> “Old Stone” Age
2,500,000 BCE – 10,000 BCE
Made tools
hunting (men) & gathering (women)  small bands of humans
NOMADIC (moving from place to place)

7. The Paleolithic Age Purpose??
Humans during this period found shelter in caves.
Cave paintings left behind. – Chauvet Paintiings
Purpose??

8. Stage 3 Homo Genus = Man HOMO HABILIS Known as the “Handy Man”
Created Stone Tools
Foraged and Scavenged Mostly

9. Stage 3 1,6000,000 BCE – 30,000 BCE Hunted via Persistence Running.
HOMO ERECTUS ( “Upright Human Being” )
Larger and more varied tools --> primitive technology
First hominid to migrate and leave Africa for Europe and Asia.
Hunted via Persistence Running.
First to use fire ( 500,000 BCE ) – Leads to community and co-operation at new level.

10. Stage 3
200,000 BCE – 10,000 BCE
HOMO SAPIENS ( “Wise Human Being” )
Neanderthals ( 200,000 BCE – 30,000 BCE )
Cro-Magnons ( 40,000 BCE – 10,000 BCE )

11. Stage 3 NEANDERTHALS: Prominent Brow Advanced hunting techniques
First humans to bury their dead.
Made clothes from animal skins.
Advanced hunting techniques
Lived in caves and tents.
Interbred with Cro- Magnon Man

12. Stage 3 CRO-MAGNONs: Homo sapiens sapiens ( “Wise, wise human” )
By 30,000 BCE they replaced Neanderthals.
WHY???

13. Tool Comparison cont….
Neanderthals
Cro-Magnon

14. The Neolithic Age Nomadic lifestyle  settled, stationery lifestyle.
“Neolithic”  “New Stone” Age
10,000 BCE – 4,000 BCE
Gradual shift from:
Nomadic lifestyle  settled, stationery lifestyle.
Hunting/Gathering  agricultural production and domestication of animals.

15. The Agricultural Revolution
8,000 BCE – 5,000 BCE
Agriculture developed independently in different parts of the world.
SLASH-AND-BURN Farming
Seasonal Return of Crops
Animal Husbandry
Middle East India Central America China Southeast Asia
8,000 BCE 7,000 BCE 6,500 BCE 6,000 BCE ,000 BCE

16. Why a Neolithic Revolution?
End of an Ice Age = the end of some big game animals.
New Crops develop as ice recedes.
Newly developed crops are more fruitful even in wild than old plants.
More population = greater need for stability in food source.
Greater stability in food source = more population.
Agriculture started by spreading seeds on travel routes, then settling down.

17. Animal Domestication Dogs (Wolves) – 12,000 BCE
Sheep, Goats, Pigs – 8500 BCE
Cattle – 6500 BCE
Pastoralism develops by the Bronze Age (4000 BCE)

18. Why do some archaeologists believe that women were the first farmers?
The Agricultural Revolution
Why do some archaeologists believe that women were the first farmers?

19. Early Settled Communities
Growing crops on a regular basis made possible the support of larger populations.
More permanent, settled communities emerged.
Fertile Crescent

20. Jericho One of the longest inhabited places on earth.
Around 9400 BCE had a pre-pottery civilization that had 70 dwellings (apartments), 1000 people, and huge walls.
Walls show co-operation between people, used mostly for keeping out river.
Settled in modern Israel near River Jordan.

21. Jarmo 7,000 BCE  Earliest Agricultural Settlement – Wheat
Northern Iraq in outskirts of Zagros Mts.
Found bowls, stone sickles, cutters indicating agriculture.
Consisted of about 25 houses of adobe – about 150 people lived there.

22. Catal Huyuk An obsidian dagger Buried Dead inside City
8,000 BCE  Largest Early Settlement at Çatal Hüyük ( Modern Turkey )  10,000-6,000 inhabitants
12 cultivated crops
Division of labor but not necessarily social class – women and men equal.
Engaged in trade
An obsidian dagger
Organized religion – Mother Earth Figures
Buried Dead inside City
Small military

23. Çatal Hüyük