1. U.S. History Standard 3
SSUSH3: Explain the primary causes of the American Revolution.
SSUSH4: Identify ideological, military and diplomatic aspects of the American Revolution.

2. Let’s Preview the Chapter….
The American Revolution 1765 to 1783
Section 1: Causes of the Revolution
Section 2: Declaring Independence
Section 3: Turning Points of the War
Section 4: War’s End and Lasting Effects
SSUSH3: The student will explain the primary causes of the American Revolution.
SSUSH4: Identify ideological, military and diplomatic aspects of the American Revolution.

3. Let’s Preview the Chapter….
With which statement do you agree?
A) The Patriots were treated unfairly and were right to declare independence.
B) The Patriots were treated fairly and were wrong to declare independence.
C) The Patriots were treated fairly but were right to declare independence to avoid future conflicts with Britain.
D) The Patriots were treated unfairly but should have used diplomacy rather than war to settle their differences.

4. Read Witness History on page 97.
Discuss Adams’s definition of the American Revolution. How does his definition differ from many people’s initial ideas about the American Revolution?
How did the American Revolution change American ideas?

5. Analyze the Visual on page 96.
What harsh conditions at Valley Forge does this image show?
ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS
What caused the colonists to rebel against the British?
What events led the colonists to declare their independence from Britain?
What factors helped the Patriots win the war?
What did the Revolution accomplish, and what ideas did it set in motion?

6. WHAT WERE THE CAUSES OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION?
PROCLAMATION OF 1763
SUGAR ACT (1764)
QUARTERING ACT (1765)
STAMP ACT (1765)
TOWNSHEND ACT (1767)
TEA ACT (1773)
INTOLERABLE ACTS (1774)

7. PROCLAMATION OF 1763
To prevent conflict with the Native Americans the British set forth a law which banned all colonial settlement West of the Appalachian Mountains (Ohio River Valley area/old French lands).
The colonists felt they helped the British win those lands and they did not like the Native Americans receiving the land and it convinced the colonists the British government did not care about their needs.
The colonists ignored the law and continued to move westward disobeying British laws. The British could not enforce the ban effectively.

8. Sugar Act (1764) This law raised duties (taxes) on goods imported
from any place other than England or another
British-controlled colony, especially on refined
sugar and textiles (cloth).

9. Sugar Act: intended to raise money to pay off the war debt from the French and Indian war. It also led colonial merchants and traders to argue that parliament had no right to tax the colonists because the colonists had not elected any representatives to the body English halved the duty or taxes on foreign made goods. 2. Placed duties (taxes) on certain imports that had not been taxed before. 3. Strengthen the enforcement of the law allowing prosecutions to try smuggling cases This angered the colonists!!!!

10. SUGAR ACT (1764)
Financial expert/Prime Minister George Grenville began suspecting colonial smuggling goods into the country and enacted the Sugar Act, which was an extra tax on goods due to stop colonial smuggling.
It halved the duty/taxes on foreign made molasses; placed a duty on certain imports; and strengthen the enforcement laws against smugglers.
The colonists reduced their smuggling of goods and continued to disagree about how the colonists should be taxed and governed.
Tensions began between the colonists and the British government. Colonists began making their own goods from their raw materials.

11. What was the Stamp Act and what was the colonists’ reaction to it?
The Stamp Act, enacted by parliament in 1765, was the first law that taxed the American colonists directly, rather than through duties on imports; therefore it is called—a direct tax. The Stamp Act required colonists to purchase special stamped paper for legal documents (wills), licenses, newspapers, pamphlets, almanacs, playing cards, and dice.
The colonist disobeyed the law, organized protests, boycotted goods, and many times harassed the British Stamp Agents. They were angry. Colonists held the Stamp Act
Congress.

12. TOWNSHEND ACTS 1767
This act was passed to increase revenues of the British government. It was an indirect tax on imported materials such as glass, lead, rubber, paint, paper, etc. & A three- penny tax on tea.
The colonists felt the tax was unfair because they had no representation in the taxing body of the British parliament. The indirect is levied on goods or services ultimately paid by the consumer in higher prices.
The colonists reacted with rage and well-organized resistance; protesting “no taxation without representation”; colonists began making their own goods; committees of correspondence.

13. Why did the Townshend Acts anger the colonists?
The Townshend Acts angered the colonists because this was an indirect tax on imports, such as glass, lead, paint, and paper as they came into the colonies from Britain. It also imposed a three-penny tax on tea, the most popular drink in the colonies. The price of goods was higher.

14. How did the colonists feel and react to the Townshend Acts?
The colonists felt the tax was unfair because they had no representation in the taxing body of the British parliament. The indirect is levied on goods or services ultimately paid by the consumer in higher prices.
The colonists reacted with rage and well- organized resistance; protesting “no taxation without representation”; colonists began making their own goods; formed committees of correspondence.

15. TEA ACT 1773
The East India Company (official monopoly on tea imports) was hit hard economically by colonial boycotts. This tax granted the company the right to sell tea to the colonies free of the taxes that colonial tea sellers had to pay.
The colonial merchants opposed this law due to it would cut colonial merchants out of the tea trade because the East India Company could sell its tea directly to the consumers for less.
The colonial merchants continued to protest violently; a large group of rebels disguised themselves as Native Americans and dumped approximately 18,000 pounds of tea into the Boston harbor (the Boston Tea Party).

16. QUARTERING ACT (1765)
This act authorized British commanders to house soldiers in vacant homes/rooms or other buildings of the colonists.
The Quartering act completely disregarded the colonists privacy. This definitely upset the colonists….Eventually will become protected by amendment #3 of the Bill of Rights.
The colonists organized the 1st Continental Congress (protests and boycotted goods)
Declaration of Colonial Rights which stated that parliament lacked the power to impose taxes on the colonies because the colonists were not represented in parliament.

17. INTOLERABLE ACTS 1774
King George III issued a series of laws (these acts were passed due to the incident of the Boston Tea Party): (1) shut down the Boston Harbor, (2) issued the Quartering Act, (3) General Thomas Gage became new Royal governor of Massachusetts, (4) Boston placed under martial law.
The colonists would lose their revenue from trading and England tighten control over the colonies which prevented any type of smuggling, etc.
The Committees of Correspondence assembled the First Continental Congress; in September 1774, 56 delegates met in Philadelphia and drew up a Declaration of Colonial Rights which was to defend their colonial rights to handle their own affairs, supported protest in Massachusetts, and stated if the British used force against the colonies, the colonies should fight back.

18. Assignment
Compare and contrast the reactions of the colonists to the Stamp Act and the Intolerable Acts.

19. Compare and Contrast the reactions of the colonists to the Stamp Act and the Intolerable Acts.
The Stamp Act colonists harassed British stamp agents/distributors with the help of the Sons of Liberty, boycotted British goods, and drew up the Declaration of Rights and Grievances (stated that parliament lacked the power to impose taxes on the colonies because the colonists were not represented in parliament.)
The Townshend Act colonists verbally protested and organized new boycotts; began making American goods similar to British goods. The colonists reacted with rage and well organized resistance

20. COLONIAL GOVERNMENT VS BRITISH GOVERNMENT Colonial government had a Governor appointed by and served the king but paid by the colonial legislature. British government had a King which was an inherited executive power. Colonial government had Colonial Legislatures with Upper House or Council (appointed by the Governor and usually a prominent colonists but without inherited titles) and Lower House (elected by men who help property with about 2/3 of colonial men qualified to vote). British government had a Parliament with House of Lords (Aristocrats with inherited titles also inherited legislative power) and House of Commons (elected by men who held significant amounts of property with less than ¼ of British men qualified to vote). Formal documents provided the basis for colonial government, where as the British government consisted of a collection of accumulated laws.

21. How did the colonial government differ from the British government?
Colonial government had a Governor appointed by and served the king but paid by the colonial legislature.
Colonial government had Colonial Legislatures with Upper House or Council (appointed by the Governor and usually a prominent colonists but without inherited titles) and Lower House (elected by men who help property with about 2/3 of colonial men qualified to vote).
Formal documents provided the basis for colonial government.

22. How did the colonial government differ from the British government?
British government had a King which was an inherited executive power.
British government had a Parliament with House of Lords (Aristocrats with inherited titles also inherited legislative power) and House of Commons (elected by men who held significant amounts of property with less than ¼ of British men qualified to vote).
British government consisted of a collection of accumulated laws.

23. The Stamp Act, —a direct tax required colonists to purchase special stamped paper for legal documents (wills), licenses, newspapers, pamphlets, almanacs, playing cards, and dice. This act also caused the colonists to lose respect for the King’s office holders. The colonists realized that British ideas were not the same as the colonists.

24. Stamp Act (1765)
British tax on printed material in the colonies that outraged
colonists, resulted in boycotts against British goods, and
eventually helped lead to colonial calls for
independence. The colonists organized a
secret resistance group called the Sons
of Liberty. The colonist disobeyed the
law, organized protests, boycotted
goods, and many times harassed
the British Stamp Agents.
They were angry.

25. Why did the Stamp Act Congress issue a Declaration of Rights and Grievances?
The Stamp Act Congress issued a Declaration of Rights and Grievances which demonstrated a sense of unity among the colonies by repealing the act.
The Declaration of Rights and Grievances stated that parliament lacked the power to impose taxes on the colonies because the colonists were not represented in parliament.
Benjamin Franklin helped write a Declaration of Rights and Grievances to repeal the Stamp Act.

26. *NO TAXATION WITHOUT REPRESENTATION*
The Stamp Act Congress issued a Declaration of Rights and Grievances, which stated that Parliament lacked the power to impose taxes on the colonies because the colonists were not represented in parliament. The Stamp Act Congress demonstrated a sense of unity among the colonies.
*NO TAXATION WITHOUT REPRESENTATION*
"The Revolution was effected before the war commenced.
The Revolution was in the minds and hearts of the people…
This radical change in the principles, opinions, sentiments, and affections of the people was the real American Revolution."                                          John Adams

27. How did Parliament respond?
Shortly afterwards, the Declaratory Act was put in place which asserted Parliament’s full right “to bind the colonies and people of America”.

28. Declaratory Act
This act stated that Parliament had the supreme authority to impose laws on the colonies. It was in effect and asserted parliament’s full right to make laws (to bind the colonies and people of America).

29. James Otis One of the leaders of the Stamp Act Congress
that protested the tax proclaiming,
“No taxation
without representation!"

30. Boycott To refuse to buy items from a country thereby
withholding money from its treasury.

31. Who was Patrick Henry
Patrick Henry was a young Virginia representative apart of the individual colonial assembly.
He helped the Virginia Lower house adopt several resolutions.
As a lawyer he put together a strong collective protest stating Virginians could be taxed only by the Virginia assembly and only by their own representatives.
These resolutions were known as the Virginia Resolves.

32. Who is Patrick Henry?

33. Who was Samuel Adams? What organization did he form?
Samuel Adams was an influential political activist who helped to found the Sons of Liberty.
The Sons of Liberty was a secret resistance group formed by Boston Shopkeepers, artisans, and laborers who protested the Stamp Act.that led in the boycott of British goods.

34. Who are the Daughters of Liberty?
A successful colonial group of women formed in 1766 who showed their loyalty by participating in boycotts against British goods after the passing of the Townshend Acts.
These women used their natural abilities of weaving cloth and making clothes while boycotting British products. These home made products were called “homespun”.

35. Daughters of Liberty

36. Non Importation Agreement
Colonial consumer boycotts of British exports as a response to taxes passed by Parliament. It threatened British merchants and manufacturers with economic ruins.

37. Townshend Duties (1767) Charles Townshend, the leading government
minister who decided a new measure (other than
the stamp act) to create revenue from the
colonies. This was a new way
to make revenue from the
American colonists. In 1767,
parliament passed the
Townshend acts.
Taxes were placed on colonial
imports of glass, lead, paint,
paper, and tea.

38. Townshend Acts The Townshend Acts angered the colonists because this was an indirect tax on imports, such as glass, lead, paint, and paper as they came into the colonies from Britain. It also imposed a three-penny tax on tea, the most popular drink in the colonies. The price of goods were higher This continues the slogan: “no taxation without representation!”

39. What happened at the Liberty
What happened at the Liberty? Do you think that the colonists’ reaction to the seizing of the Liberty was justified?
A ship belonging to a merchant (John Hancock) was suspected of smuggling goods by the British soldiers. The inspector claimed Hancock neglected to pay custom taxes. This seizure triggered riots against custom agents. In response the British stationed 2,000 Redcoats (British soldiers).
If Yes, England’s policy of taxing goods that the colonists traded with other countries was unjust.
If No, custom agents were simply doing their duty by searching ships they believed to be involved in smuggling.

40. The Liberty

41. What prompted the Boston Massacre?
Off duty British soldiers and colonists had been competing for shipyard work in Boston. A mob gathered outside a custom house and taunted British soldiers. This disagreement and tension led to the Boston Massacre.
*Snowballs started the fight.

42. The Boston Massacre

43. Who was the first African American to be killed in the American Revolution?
Crispus Attucks, a sailor of African American and Native American ancestry, was an early hero of America’s struggle for freedom. He was the first to die in the Boston Massacre.

44. Why were the Committees of Correspondence created?
It was established to help the colonies communicate with other colonies about threats to American liberties and to stay informed on the British troops movements.

45. What prompted the Boston Tea Party?
The British East India Company was almost bankrupt. They could not sell their tea. So the parliament passed a law allowing them to sell the tea without a tax to the colonists. This angered many colonial merchants because it was cutting them out. Several rebels (Sons of Liberty) disguised as Native Americans dumped 18,000 pounds of tea into Boston Harbor which began the Boston Tea Party. In reaction, parliament passed the Intolerable Acts.

46. The Boston Tea Party

47. Intolerable Acts (Coercive Acts )
Harsh laws passed by Great Britain after the Boston Tea Party
which (1) closed the Boston Harbor; (2) issued the Quartering Act;
(3) Commander-In-Chief of British forces (Thomas Gage)—new
governor of Massachusetts; (4) Boston under martial law (rule
imposed by military forces) in order to keep peace.

48. Colonists Unite. Colonists saw the acts as a threat to. their liberty
Colonists Unite Colonists saw the acts as a threat to their liberty. Although they did not agree on whether to fight for independence, they united in their protest against the harshness and unfairness of the Intolerable Acts King George III Responds King George III wanted to end (quell) all rebellions and enforcement of British rule when he disciplined Massachusetts. He also wanted to make the colonies pay for the damaged tea.

49. Martial law was an action authorized. by General Thomas Gage
Martial law was an action authorized by General Thomas Gage (commander-in-chief) of the British forces in North America. Gage was appointed the new royal Governor of Massachusetts. The significance of martial law was to keep peace by ruling the colonies with using military forces. Minutemen were civilian soldiers who were organized by the colonial leaders in the New England towns. They were to step in and be ready to fight at any moments notice. The minutemen begin to quickly stockpile fire arms and gunpowder at the Battle of Lexington.

50. Colonial Militia (Minutemen)
Voluntary, local military units consisting of
private citizens rather than full-time soldiers.

51. First Continental Congress
The colonists responded by these acts by assembling the first continental congress and defended their right to run their own affairs from
the Declaration of Colonial Rights
Representatives from nearly every colony (only Georgia did not attend) gathered for the in September 1774.
In a statement to the king,
the Congress wrote that
the colonists had a right
to be represented in
their government.

52. First Continental Congress 56 delegates met in Philadelphia and drew up a Declaration of Colonial Rights: 1. Colonies rights to run own affairs 2. Supported protests in Massachusetts 3. If British used force—the colonies would fight back! 4. Meet again in May This was a great example of how the Colonies plan to stand strong against the British. British rule intensifies between 1765 and 1775 Colonial reaction gradually becomes more organized—Declaration of Rights and Grievances; boycotts of British goods; violent protest, Boston Massacre; Boston Tea Party; the First Continental Congress; battles of Lexington and Concord.  

53. Why did the British decide to march on Concord?
The British were concerned about reports brought to them of Colonists having large amounts of arms (a stockpile of guns) and ammunition hiding outside of Boston in the town called Concord. So, the British found out about the weapons and were on their way to destroy them.

54. Why did the British decide to march on Concord?
No weapons were found!! The agents returned with maps detailing where the arms were rumored to be stored in barns, empty buildings, and in private homes in Boston.

55. What did Warren order Paul Revere to do?
He was ordered by Dr. Warren to warn the townspeople of Lexington and Concord that the British regulators were about to arrive to search for hidden arms for war. He was to also warn John Hancock and Samuel Adams (two of the most prominent leaders in the resistance to British authority) who were in hiding because the British regulators were out to arrest them.

56. Paul Revere’s Famous Ride

57. THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION

58. Lexington & Concord (April 1775)
Where the first shots of the American Revolution were fired.
Known as the, “Shot Heard 'Round the World" that started the American Revolution

59. LEXINGTON AND CONCORD 1775
The first battles in the American Revolutionary war.
The British are traveling toward Concord to check out a stockpile of colonial weapons.
Lexington (15 minute battle)—British soldiers were met by 70 minutemen resulting in 8 minutemen dead and 10 more were wounded and only 1 British soldier dead….British won!!!
Concord—British find the empty arsenal and on their way back are met by 3,000 to 4,000 minutemen (ready to fight); the British soldiers were outnumbered, some were wounded, the others retreated….Colonists won!!!

60. The Second Continental Congress
This picture characterizes how the leaders in the Second Continental Congress looked to George Washington for leadership and military strength in addition to joining a united front against Great Britain.

61. On May of 1775, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania the 2nd Continental Congress convened to decided their next move John Adams of Massachusetts suggested a plan for each colony to set up their own government and that Congress declare the colonies independent. After several debates, they decided to place George Washington as leader of the continental army and to print money. The printed money would be used to pay the troops and organize a committee to deal with foreign nations.

62. Who is George Washington?
After the French and Indian War the colonist looked to him to be a strong enough general to lead the newly formed Continental Army.
He was appointed Commander of the army at the Second Continental Congress.
He led the American forces against the British in the War for independence.
Later became the first president of the United States.

63. Who is George Washington?

64. Continental Army
The army that represented the colonies during the Revolutionary War.
The army was first made up of minutemen who later became the Patriots.
These men were armed civilians in the colonies.

65. WAS THE CONTINENTAL CONGRESS RESPONSIBLE IN THE ACTIONS THAT IT TOOK?
Yes, because the British forces were well organized and the Americans needed a strong leader to organize them as well.
No, because the Colonists had declared their intention to step up armed resistance thereby jeopardizing any hope for reconciliation with the crown (King George III).

66. LAST PEACE PROPOSAL BY THE COLONIES The Olive Branch Petition (July 8, 1775) was sent to King George III urging to return to “former harmony” but King George rejected it, calling the colonists “traitors”. He issued the Prohibitory Act in August 1775, which declared the colonies in a state of rebellion and empowered royal officers. Document was written by John Dickerson.

67. WAS IT TOO LITTLE TOO LATE FOR THE OLIVE BRANCH PETITION?
Yes, because King George III had only responded to the colonists with punishment and by sending troops.
No, because a war would be costly for both sides.

68. Common Sense by Thomas Paine
Written in early 1776, it said that continued
American loyalty to Britain would be absurd,
and independence was the only rational thing
for colonists to do.

69. Thomas Paine was an immigrant. from England who wrote a
Thomas Paine was an immigrant from England who wrote a pamphlet called Common Sense, an anonymous 50 page pamphlet. He argued that the time had come for American independence. Paine attacked King George III and explained his own revolt against the King had begun with Lexington and Concord. Paine sold over 500,000 copies and donated most of his profits to the revolutionary war.

70. Common Sense, eased the colonists’ fears that they needed Britain to survive. It explained independence would give Americans the chance to create a better society. Paine stated a republic would provide opportunities to reward merit rather than inherited privilege. He also explained freedom from the British empire would allow Americans to trade with the entire world THIS WOULD BE A UNIVERSAL STRUGGLE

71. How did Common Sense influence Americans
How did Common Sense influence Americans? Was Thomas Paine right about the role of the American Revolution world history?
Many agreed with Paine’s idea that rule by
monarchs led to a loss of freedom
Ideas about liberty and democracy have inspired
peoples in other lands to seek freedom and to
throw off colonial rule.

72. Enlightenment
A time that featured revolutionary ideas in philosophy and political thought.
During this time, a number of philosophers introduced concepts that later helped form American ideas about government.

73. John Locke
British political philosopher who challenged the old view that monarchs possess a God-given right to rule with citizens obligated to obey.

74. Montesquieu French political philosopher who believed that the
best form of government was one that featured a
separation of powers.

75. Checks and Balances Each branch has the authority to "check" and
"balance" the powers of the others in order to
prevent any one branch from abusing the
rights of citizens.

76. Drafted the Declaration of Independence.
Thomas Jefferson
Drafted the Declaration of Independence.

77. Declaration of Independence
Document adopted in July 1776 by delegates
to the Second Continental Congress that
officially proclaimed the colonies‘
independence from
Great Britain.

78. Inalienable Rights Natural rights that government cannot take away.
Thomas Jefferson wrote the Declaration of
Independence. Many of his ideas came from
John Locke, who maintained that people enjoy
“natural rights” to life, liberty, and property.
Jefferson described these
rights as life, liberty,
and the pursuit of
happiness.

79. Jefferson explained the colonies had a right to revolt due to the government failing to protect those unalienable rights.
In the document, Jefferson had a long list of grievances (as stated in Common Sense). He stated a declaration that all men are equal with certain natural rights that cannot be taken
away.
This document only separated
the colonies from Great Britain.
There was no turning back;
the colonists must be ready
to fight!!!

80. Social Contract Theory
An emphasis upon natural rights and the purpose of government should be to benefit the population being governed, not hold it in bondage.
According to this philosophy, there is an implied contract between government and citizens.
Citizens are born with freedom and rights.
However, for the good of society, people agree to give up certain freedoms and empower governments to maintain order.

81. Natural Rights and Rule of Law Natural rights simply means rights that belong to people simply because they are human (Jefferson quotes them as Life, Liberty, and Pursuit of Happiness) Rule of law is a type of government in which decisions must be based on law, not on the personal whim of the ruler (no one can be disenfranchised based on personal wishes).

82. Loyalists and Patriots
Loyalists – (Tories) – Those who oppose independence from Great Britain and eventually left the colonies.
Examples: William Franklin, Charles Inglis, Joseph Brant, Isaac Wilkins, African American Americans-fought with hopes of freedom.
Native Americans-due to colonial settlers being the biggest threat to their lands.

83. Loyalists and Patriots
Patriots – (Rebels) - supporters of independence eventually are called Rebels from Great Britain.
Examples: Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, Thomas Paine, Robert Livingston, Roger Sherman, Nathaniel Greene, James Armistead, and Mercy Otis Warren, Quakers, African Americans.

84. Loyalists and Patriots The Loyalists maintained respect for the King and preferred British rule. They felt the Patriot forces were too weak to resist Britain’s power and that a revolt against the King would bring destruction. The loyalists disliked the Patriot’s taxes, oaths of loyalty, and militia drafts. Some were even angered by the Patriot’s closing Loyalist newspapers.  

85. Loyalists and Patriots The Patriots agreed with Paine and wanted to be free of tyrannical laws imposed by Britain. They felt that their actions were in response to Britain’s determination to limit them and they would not waver (give up).  

86. Chapter 4: The American Revolution
4.3 Turning Points of the War
SSUSH4 The student will identify the ideological, military, and diplomatic aspects of the American Revolution.
b. Explain the reason for and significance of the French alliance and foreign assistance and the roles of Benjamin Franklin and Marquis de Lafayette.
c. Analyze George Washington as a military leader; include the creation of a professional military and the life of a common soldier, and describe the significance of the crossing of the Delaware River and Valley Forge.

87. Advantages of the colonists during the war:
Familiar with home ground
Leadership of George Washington and other officers who had more efficient military tactics, such as firing from cover.
Inspiring cause--“independence”
Support from France
Disadvantages of the colonists during the war:
Soldiers struggled to stay alive; to stay clothed, housed, fed, warm, and healthy.
Soldiers struggled to keep their spirits up despite facing a better prepared, better-armed, more numerous enemy.
3. Low pay received; lack of uniforms and boots.

88. Advantages of Great Britain
Strong, well-trained army and navy.
Strong central government with available funds to furnish better food, supplies, and lodgings.
Support of Colonial Loyalists and Native Americas
Disadvantages of Great Britain
1. Unfamiliar lands; large distance separating Great Britain from battle fields.
No strong alliance or strong generals
Some British Politicians showed sympathy to the American cause; Luck was not on their side.
The use of mercenaries who had no real stake in the outcome was not a good idea.

89. Battle of Bunker Hill
*DATE: July 17, 1775 *LEADER: (British) General Thomas Gage *The British won this battle only because the colonists ran out of ammunition. British suffered great loss of troops. **Nicknamed: “The bloodiest battle of the war” **Bunker’s Hill also known as Breed’s Hill. After the battle of Breed’s Hill (Bunker Hill, Massachusetts), many people called for a peaceful solution to the colonies problems with England.

90. EARLY VICTORIES Washington takes Trenton and Princeton—Washington and
his army were crossing the Delaware river in small rowboats.
Those 2,400 men marched through sleet and snow (a fierce
storm). Most of the Hessians (Germans) were sleep and had
drank too much the night before because it was Christmas
night. Washington took the troops by surprise. They killed
30 men, held 918 men captive, and took 6 Hessian’s
cannons. This demonstrated Washington’s tactical brilliance
which sparked the determination, dedication, and courage of
his troops. Many soldiers re-enlisted at this time. Another
victory came later against 1,200 British soldiers stationed at
Princeton.

91. The victories at Trenton and Princeton were so
important because these victories showed that Washington and his
troops (continentals) took the overconfident Germans by surprise (in
Trenton) on Christmas night and won.
Before there were many losses and those victories motivated
Continentals to re-enlist and continue fighting in
the war and the American morale rose.
Also, this demonstrated Washington’s tactical
brilliance which sparked the determination,
dedication, and courage
of his troops.
British take Philadelphia in 1777—this was the American
capital. The British forces outnumbered the continentals and
were well prepared. The continental congress was forced to
flee; the British forces were able to winter comfortably.

92. General Burgoyne under estimated the difficulties of fulfilling the
Americans attack. The British commander and his troops faced
difficult terrain (traveling from Montreal) and raids by the
American militia. They ran low on food and General
Howe failed to arrive with reinforcements.
British confidence was damaged.
The French signed an Alliance or Treaty of
Cooperation.
General Burgoyne showed more compassion toward his
soldiers than any other British commanding officer, he was
Nicknamed “the soldier’s friend”.
**Remember most of the battles sites were near water along the Atlantic or
either a river. The ocean and river were strategically important because they
provided for faster transportation.**

93. The American victory at the Battle of Saratoga was the turning
point in the American Revolution—it prompted France’s
involvement and the British army was not able to combine to defeat
the Continentals.
The victory at Saratoga bolstered the French trust in the American
army and France had now agreed it was time to support the
revolution. The massed American troops finally surrounded
Burgoyne at Saratoga. The British strategy had to be changed and
General Burgoyne had to surrender to General Horatio Gates.
The British now had to fight near the coast and close to their guns
arsenal and the supply base on the British fort.

94. France signed the Treaty of Cooperation
France signed the Treaty of Cooperation (alliance) in February 1778 and they agreed to recognize American independence and agreed not to make peace with Britain until they recognized American independence as well. The French had been secretly sending weapons to the patriots since776.

95. Valley Forge ( )—harsh winter camp where the continental army of 10,000 soldiers stayed. The soldiers suffered from cold weather exposure and frost bite; resulting in a loss of soldiers, there were no deserters! Surgeons worked constantly but often were unsuccessful in saving soldiers’arms and limbs from amputation. The continental army suffered greatly.
The British soldiers during this period stayed in our country’s capital Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
“To see men without clothes to cover their nakedness, without blankets to lie upon, without shoes…without a house of hut to cover them until those could be built, and submitting without a murmur, is a proof of patience and obedience which, in my opinion, can scarcely be paralleled.”--
Washington

96. ECONOMIC CHANGES DURING THE WAR
Congress ran out of hard currency. They began to print paper
money causing inflation—rising prices. Some government officials
engage in profiteering—selling scare goods for a profit.
Robert Morris (Superintendent of Finance) and his associate Haym
Salomon begged and borrowed on their own personal credit to raise
money to provide salaries, to pay the Continental army. They raised
money from sources such as the Philadelphia Quakers and Jews.

97. Spanish Governor of Louisiana helps the Patriots He gave the Patriots money and supplies. He also prevented the British from sailing up the Mississippi River, effectively stopping the British from mounting a two-sided attack on Patriot troops.

98. Women managed homes,. businesses, and ships dock areas
Women managed homes, businesses, and ships dock areas along with taking care of their families. They cooked and were sewing uniforms for the troops Some fought in the war risking their lives in combat. (1) Sarah Franklin—volunteered to mend clothing for the soldiers. (2) Deborah Sampson (Massachusetts) and (3) Sally St. Clair (South Carolina)—disguised themselves as men and fought in the army. (4) Nancy Hart (Georgia)—captured a group of loyalists soldiers all by herself. (5) Abigail Adams (wife of John Adams)—wrote a letter to him explaining Congress should include the liberties of women in the laws of the new country.

99. Women and the War
While the men were away at war in the colonies the women managed the homes, businesses, and ship docks while they took care of the family.
Women cooked and sewed uniforms for soldiers.
Some women even fought in the war risking their lives in combat.

100. Mary Ludwig Hays (McCauley) “Molly Pitcher” took her husband’s place at the cannon when he was wounded at the Battle of Monmouth. Also, she continued involvement in the war carrying pitchers of water to the soldiers. General Washington made her a non-commissioned officer for her brave deeds.  

101. Chapter 4: The American Revolution 4.4 War’s End and Lasting Effects
SSUSH4 The student will identify the ideological, military, and
diplomatic aspects of the American Revolution.
b. Explain the reason for and significance of the French alliance and
foreign assistance and the roles of Benjamin Franklin and the
Marquis de Lafayette.
c. Analyze George Washington as a military leader; include the
creation of a professional military and the life of a common
soldier, and describe the significance of the crossing of the
Delaware River and Valley Forge.
d. Explain Yorktown, the role of Lord Cornwallis, and the Treaty of
Paris, 1783.

102. (Baron) Friedrich Von Steuben
a Prussian captain and talented drillmaster
(volunteered his services to General Washington)
transformed the continental army during the winter
of by teaching the soldiers how to
execute field maneuvers, fire and reload quickly, and
wield bayonets.

103. Marquis de Lafayette Frenchman who made his way to America to fight
for the revolution, a brave, idealistic 20-yr old French
aristocrat, aided the American cause by joining
George Washington’s staff,
leading a command in
Virginia, and suggesting the
military strategy that
resulted in the surrender of the
British army at (Yorktown).
He also encouraged the French
to send reinforcements in 1779.

104. The British hoped to rally loyalist support in the
THE BRITISH MOVE SOUTH
The British hoped to rally loyalist support in the
south, recapture their colonies, and establish a base
from which they could move north.
The South was largely agricultural and dependent on
British markets for its cotton; at the same time, the South
relied on imports, mainly from Britain, of goods they
could not produce themselves.

105. WHILE IN THE SOUTH Most of the later battles were in the south.
Despite early British victories in many seaports, the British failed to win civilian or Loyalists militia support, leading the South to support the Patriots. Also, Spanish forces attacked British forts, deflecting British attention away from the Patriots.
New Continental Army commanders won important victories and caused massive British losses, frustrating
British commanders.

107. French Help At Yorktown
On October 19, 1781, Cornwallis surrendered
to Washington at Yorktown.
The French troops joined the
siege, while other French ships
blocked a British rescue by sea.
There was also some Spanish support (as an ally to
The French). Spain allowed the American Navy to
use the Spanish port of New Orleans.

108. Benedict Arnold—traitor, he was a
commanding officer and good friend to
Washington. Arnold’s wife was a devout
loyalist, so he began to spy for the British
(he was caught). At the beginning of the
war he was a popular Patriot soldier and
leader who helped defend the New England territory and then
served as the American Commander of Philadelphia.
Later, he married a rich Loyalists (Peggy) who lived extravagantly. He was court-martialed for spending government funds and using government supplies for personal use.
He eventually turned his back on Congress and supported Great Britain. He gave West Point to the British. Arnold did this because of embarrassment and his wife sympathy for Great Britain. He needed the money and he also thought Great Britain would win the war anyway.

109. Treaty of Paris (1783) Treaty ending the American Revolution.
Great Britain officially recognized the independence of
the United States.

110. TERMS of the Treaty of Paris (1783) written & signed in Paris: (Benjamin Franklin attended for the colonies)
Officially ends the Revolutionary war
Confirmed colonial (U. S.) Independence
Recognized the colonies as the United States
of America
Set boundaries of the New Nation (Canada
-Florida & Atlantic Ocean to Mississippi River)
The Issues the Treaty of Paris (1783) left unresolved were it (1) did not specify when British troops would evacuate American forts and (2) did not discuss the protection of lands belonging to Native Americans who had allied with British.

111. Treaty of Paris (1783) fails to change the lives of Women and African Americans Women did not have any new political rights. There were limits on women being able to divorce their husbands and common law still dictated that a married woman’s property belonged to her husband African Americans were still enslaved and even those who were free usually faced discrimination and poverty. Native Americans lands were being taken away by the colonial settlers.

112. The idea that all men are created equal.
Egalitarianism
The idea that all men are created equal.

113. The main exceptions to the spirit of Egalitarianism
was African Americans, most of whom remained enslaved and
Native Americans, whose land were being taken away by colonial
settlers.
In 1804, Northerners were trying to take steps to outlaw slavery but the Southern states did not attempt to outlaw the practice of slavery. Some states in the south did make it easier for slaves owners to free their slaves.
George Washington freed his slaves.
In Maryland and Virginia, the number of free slaves and free black increased from about 4,000 to over 20,000.
The Native Americans population east of the Mississippi river had declined by about 50%; settlers move west and began taking tribal lands left unprotected by the Treaty of Paris of 1783.

114. It had to form a government
A New Independent Nation
There were three challenges facing the United States
It had to form a government
Handle problems resulting from the provisions of the Treaty of Paris, 1783
Live up to its original ideals for wanting independence (set out to find/build a stable republic (government of the people).
Remember: the Declaration of Independence was just a document separating the Colonies from Great Britain (not a form of government).