1. AKS 40: Japan and China
Chapter 19.2 and 19.3 – Pages

2. Qing Dynasty: What did China look like?
Qing Dynasty – founded by Manchus (from Manchuria) – many Chinese resisted
Rebellions flared up periodically for decades
Manchus slowly earned respect
Upheld China’s traditional Confucian beliefs
Made frontiers safe & restored prosperity

3. Qing Dynasty: Kangxi (1661-1722)
Reigned from ; perhaps the greatest ruler in Chinese history
Could speak, read, and write Chinese
Firmly believed the Manchus had a legitimate claim to the Mandate of Heaven
Toured areas where Ming support had been the highest; gave an exam to compile the official history of the Ming Dynasty

4. Qing Dynasty: Kangxi (1661-1722)
Reduced government expenses, lowered taxes
Gained support of intellectuals by offering them government positions
Jesuits told him of European achievements in science, medicine, and mathematics

5. Policies of the Qing Rulers
Tried to maintain their cultural distinctness
Brought Chinese into the imperial administration
Ordered all men to adopt Manchu dress & hairstyles
Restored peace & prosperity
Under Kangxi, the efforts of Christian missionaries reached its height

6. Economic Changes
Between 1500 & 1800 China remained mostly agricultural
85% of the people were small farmers
Major Increase in population due to long period of peace & stability, improvements in food supply, and faster growing species of rice increased the food supply
Increased population meant less land for each family

7. Continued Economic Changes…
Steady growth in manufacturing and increased trade between provinces
Under Qing confined European traders to a small island outside Guangzhou
In 1793, the emperor wrote to King George III that China had no need of your country’s manufactures… the Chinese would later pay for their rejection of the British

8. Qing Dynasty: Isolation Continues
Those that wished to trade with China had to follow certain rules: (only govt conducted trade)
Trade at special ports
Tribute
“Kowtow” ritual (kneeling before emperor and touching head to ground nine times)-shows acceptance of Chinese superiority
“There is nothing we lack, as your principal envoy and others have themselves observed. We have never set much store on strange or ingenious objects, nor do we need any more of your country’s manufactures.”
- Qian-Long, from a letter to King George III of Great Britain

9. Qing Dynasty: Cultural Developments
Based mainly on traditional forms
Valued technique over creativity
Pottery – high-quality ceramics (porcelain)
Drama popular b/c literacy rates were low
Focused on Chinese history and cultural heroes

10. Tokugawa(a powerful noble family) Japan
At the end of the 15th century, Japan was in chaos.
Daimyo, heads of noble families controlled lands and warred with their neighbors
Process of unification began in the late 16th century with three powerful political figures

11. 3 Powerful Leaders
1. Oda Nobunaga – began process of unification; ended Warring States period; Seized the capital of Kyoto
2. Toyotomi Hideyoshi
Located his capital at Osaka
3.Tokugawa Ieyasu
The daimyo of Edo (modern Tokyo) took control of Japan and took the title of shogun in 1603

12. Tokugawa Japan: Oda Nobunaga (1568-1582)
“Rule the empire by force.”
- Oda Nobunaga
Wanted to eliminate remaining enemies
1575 – Nobunaga’s 3,000 soldiers armed with muskets crushed enemy force of samurai cavalry
1st time firearms had been used effectively in battle in Japan
Committed seppuku (ritual suicide of samurai) in 1582 when one of his own generals turned on him

13. Tokugawa Rule Set out to establish control of the feudal system
Long period of peace- known as the Great Peace was brought about by Tokugawa rule
The samurai who had served the daimyo ceased to be a warrior class

14. Tokugawa Japan: Tokugawa Ieyasu (1603-1616)
Defeated his rivals at Battle of Sekigahara
Victory earned him loyalty of daimyo throughout Japan
Alternate attendance policy: to maintain control of the daimyo
1603 – Became sole ruler, or shogun
Moved capital to Edo (later Tokyo)
Set up Tokugawa Shogunate – military govt
Enacted policies that resulted in the rule of law overcoming the rule of the sword

15. Economic Changes
Under the Tokugawa, trade & industry began to flourish as never before
A Japanese merchant class emerged
Many peasants were forced to become tenants or work as hired help

16. Tokugawa Japan: Policy of Isolation
1639 – Shoguns realized that they could safely exclude both missionaries and merchants
Sealed Japan’s borders, except Nagasaki
Commercial contacts with Europeans ended
200+ years – Japan remained closed and citizens could not leave – “closed country policy”
Continued to develop self-sufficiently

17. Tokugawa Japan: Cultural Developments
Traditional culture thrived
New types of fiction began to emerge – realistic stories about self-made merchants or hardships of life
Haiku – type of poetry that presented images rather than ideals
Kabuki theater – skits about modern life

18. Causes of Population Increase
Irrigation and fertilizer use increased
Farmers produced more food
Nutrition improved due to new crops like corn and sweet potatoes from Europe
People lived longer, families expanded

19. Impact on Social Structure: Qing China
Sons Favored
Only sons allowed to perform religious rituals
Raised his own family under parents’ roof - help aging parents on farm
Females not valued – many infants girls killed
Role of Women (more restricted)
Worked in fields, supervised children’s education, managed family finances
Some found jobs working as midwives or textile workers
Parents arranged marriages
Women who did not meet the expectations of her husband or his family would be divorced

20. Impact on Social Structure: Tokugawa Japan
Societal Structure
Emperor top rank (figurehead only)
Actual ruler was shogun – military commander
Daimyo – landholding samurai
Samurai warriors
Peasants (4/5 of population) and Artisans
Merchants
Role of Women
With rise of commercial centers, found jobs in entertainment, textile manufacturing, & publishing
Most led sheltered lives as peasant wives
* Confucian values important
*Farmers made ideal citizens