1. Jon Hale College of Charleston

2. Born in Great Barrington, MA Educated at Fisk University First African American to earn a Ph.D. in History from Harvard University Studied at the University of Berlin Founder of the Niagara Movement Later the NAACP Taught at Wilberforce University and eventually Atlanta University

3. Sociologist and Historian by Training The Philadelphia Negro (1899) The Souls of Black Folk (1903) Black Reconstruction (1935)

4. “The problem of the twentieth century is the problem of the color line” Proponent of a liberal arts, college preparatory and professional education Advocated for full and immediate civil, political, economic, and social rights of all citizens Put forth the idea of the “Talented Tenth” Articulated the idea of the “Veil” and “Double Consciousness” Later ideas of voluntary separation

5. Born into slavery in Franklin County, Hale’s Ford, Virginia Hampton Normal Agricultural Institute Briefly attended Wayland Seminary Taught at Hampton then ran Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute in 1881 Under the recommendation of General Samuel C. Armstrong

6. “Cast down your bucket where you are” Economic Gradualism Industrial and vocational education Up From Slavery (1901)

7. Philadelphia, parents are educators Ph.D. in Philosophy from Harvard “The New Negro” Cultural Pluralism Progressive ideals, to prepare certain individuals to change society

8. Son of former slaves Attended Berea College Ph.D. in History from Harvard Founded the Association for the Study of Negro Life and History (now, ASALH) Black History curriculum

9. Mayesville, SC Begins Daytona Educational and Industrial School for Negro Girls Later Bethune Cookman College Practical/economic and social goals of education

10. Born to former slaves in Ninety Six, SC Studied at the University of Chicago Traveled to India and influenced by Gandhi President of Morehouse College Mentor to Dr. King President of Atlanta School Board Oversaw peaceful desegregation

11. Charles Thompson Publish discussion on the use of the courts Horace Mann Bond Challenged intelligence testing Connects to influential white progressives George Counts, John Dewey, Myles Horton

12. Progressive and Social Reconstructionist Context To rebuild society through education Reflects older republican values in Reconstruction the and Jim Crow Era Community control and self-determination Multiplicity and diversity of thought

13. Avery Normal Institute, 1865 Charleston Normal and Industrial School, 1909 Now, Burke High School Mamie Gavin Fields Septima Clark Esau Jenkins