1. Leaders of Black America, 1890-1940

2. Booker T. Washington, 1856-1915 born a slave in Virginia
graduated from Hampton Institute, 1872
founded Tuskegee Institute in Alabama
Ideas :
Vocational Ed
Land ownership
Entrepreneurship
Self-help
Thrift, hard work
Accommodation
Patience
Met presidents Cleveland, Harrison, McKinley, Roosevelt and businessmen Carnegie, Rockefeller, and Morgan

3. founded National Negro Business League
Atlanta Compromise, 1895
“cast down your buckets where you are”
“in all things purely social, we can be as separate as the fingers”
do not protest for equal rights or voting
progress will come from evolution, not violence or revolution
founded National Negro Business League

4. W.E.B. DuBois, 1868-1963 b. Massachusetts PhD from Harvard, 1895
Published The Suppression of the African Slave Trade; The Philadelphia Negro; The Souls of Black Folk; Black Reconstruction
Co-founder of Niagara movement and NAACP
Radical activist
Editor of Crisis,

6. Resigned from NAACP in 1934, since it was too bourgeois
Joined Socialist Party, taught at Atlanta U.
Ran for US Senate as Progressive
Joined Communist Party, 1961
Won Lenin Prize, visited USSR and China
Moved to Ghana, gave up US citizenship
“One ever feels his two-ness—an American, a Negro; two souls, two thoughts, two unreconciled strivings; two warring ideals in one dark body, whose dogged strength alone keeps it from being torn asunder.”

7. Ida Wells Barnett, 1862-1931 b. Holly Springs, Mississippi
parents died in yellow fever epidemic, 1876
taught school to support her siblings
moved to Memphis in 1880
was arrested for not giving up her seat on a train to a white man, challenging a Jim Crow law but losing her case in TN Supreme Court
edited Free Speech, an anti-segregation newspaper which opposed the lynching of black men
moved to Philadelphia, then New York, then Chicago after threats on her life in Memphis
married a lawyer named Ferdinand Barnett, spent 35 years working for equal rights for blacks, a law to end lynching, and women’s suffrage
was a co-founder of the NAACP in 1909

8. Marcus Garvey, 1887-1940 b. Jamaica printer, labor leader, editor
moved to New York City, 1916
founder of Universal Negro Improvement Association
believed in Black Nationalism and racial separation
appealed to lower classes of black Americans, rejecting any notion of integration
urged a “Back to Africa” movement
edited the New York World, based in Harlem
jailed for mail fraud, selling bogus stock in his Black Star steamship company
deported to Jamaica in 1927

9. A. Philip Randolph, 1889-1979 b. Crescent City, FL
attended City College of New York
edited The Messenger
joined Socialist Party
organized Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, 1925
pressured FDR to establish the Fair Employment Practices Commission during WW II