1. North vs. South:
Revised 2013

2. The North

3. Technology and the North
By the early 1800s, industrialization and technology were changing the way people traveled, worked, and communicated.

4. Industrialization
Division of labor – each worker had a single small, specific job that was part of the whole (spin, weave, dye, etc.) (interchangeable parts)
Factories brought specialized workers together into one place  products were made more quickly
Mechanization – water and steam-powered machines did some of the work

5. Result: Goods were produced more quickly and cheaply
Mass production of cotton textiles began in New England
Thin, rocky soil had made farming difficult

6. Clothing Production
Elias Howe invented sewing machine in 1846, which led to large scale clothing production
By 1860, 2/3 of the U.S.’s manufactured goods came from the Northeast

7. Transportation Contributed to growth of industries, flow of goods
Roads, canals (connected lakes and rivers), steamboats, eventually railroads

8. Steamboats and Clipper Ships
Robert Fulton’s Clermont
Cheaper and faster
River cities grew (Buffalo, Cincinnati, Chicago)
Clipper ships – faster ships

9. Locomotives
Railroad tracks first connected mines to rivers
First steam locomotive – Britain, 1829
Peter Cooper – first American locomotive – Tom Thumb

10. Trains and Railways
1840 – 3000 miles of track
,000 miles
Like Erie Canal, they linked Northeast and Midwest

11. Trains Contributed to settlement and industrialization of Midwest
Grain, livestock and dairy products  East
Northeast
Manufactured goods & settlers  West, towns grew

12. Communication
New pace of industry and travel required faster communication (like our modern demands for increased processing and Internet speed)

13. Samuel Morse
Solution: Samuel Morse invented telegraph and Morse Code (system of dots and dashes representing alphabet letters – like the 0s and 1s of computer code)

14. Improvements in Agriculture
Railroads gave farmers access to new markets
Larger areas of the West were cultivated with 3 inventions…

15. Steel-tipped plow – John Deere (1837): cut prairie sod more easily

16. Mechanical reaper – Cyrus McCormick: harvested grain 4x faster than a hand sickle – made wheat a cash crop on the Great Plains (sold in East via railroad)

17. Thresher: quickly separated grain from stalk
However, the North became increasingly focused on industry and less on farming.

18. Northern Factories
Began in Lowell, Massachusetts
By 1860: textiles and clothing, shoes, watches, guns, sewing machines, agricultural equipment

19. Working Conditions
Worked more than 11 hours/day
Accidents – caught in machines’ belts
Children especially at risk

20. Hot in summer, freezing in winter
Profits drove factory owners – could easily replace unhappy worker
No laws protected workers

21. Organized Labor
Trade Unions: organizations of workers with the same trade or skill
Tried to get improvements in conditions
Strikes: stop work for higher pay, 10-hour day

22. Results
Workers were fired and replaced
Massachusetts courts said workers did not have the right to strike

23. African American Workers
Prejudice and discrimination existed in the North, even if slavery didn’t
Illegal to vote in some states
Couldn’t attend public schools
Segregated communities

24. Exceptions
Samuel Cornish and John Russworm published Freedom’s Journal
Macon B. Allen – first African American lawyer in the U.S.

25. Women Workers
Paid less than men
Owners preferred to hire men
Sarah Bagley unsuccessfully tried to organize women workers for 10-hour day
Early failures led way to later successes

26. Rise of Cities - Urbanization
Growth due to Factories
New York City – 1 million in 1860
Philadelphia – 500,000

27. Rise of Cities - Urbanization
Growth due to Trade & Shipping Center
Mississippi River and tributaries
Connected Midwest farmers &Northeast cities
Great Lakes

28. Growth due to Immigration
Largest group in : Irish
Escape Potato famine
Worked in northeastern factories or on railroads (too poor to buy farms

29. 2nd Largest – Germans Farms and small businesses
New York, Pennsylvania, Midwest
Came to escape political trouble

30. Impact of Immigration
Cultural borrowing – brought language, customs, traditions
More Catholics
Germans brought craft and farm skills, musical societies
Swedes: Log cabin

31. Anti-Immigration Reaction: The Know-Nothing Party
Nativist (native-born Americans who opposed immigration) and anti-Catholic groups
Secret society (“I know nothing”)
Stricter immigration laws
Didn’t last long (split)

32. The South

33. The Cotton Kingdom
Upper South – MD, VA, NC
Deep South – GA, SC, AL, MS, LA, MO, AK, TX
Slavery was stronger than ever by 1850 for planting cotton, to sell to European mills.
Enabled by invention of cotton gin

34. Cotton Gin
Cleaned 50x as much short staple cotton as a person could by hand
Led to demand for more workers; since more cotton could be processed, more cotton was planted
Led to an increase in slave labor
Led to almost single-crop economy – Southerners put more and more investment $ into cotton

35. Upper vs. Lower South Upper South tobacco, wheat, vegetables
center for sale of slaves (slave trade)
Lower South –
cotton, some rice and sugarcane
greater need for slaves

36. African Slavery
As the value of cotton increased, so did the value and cost of slaves.

37. Southern Industry – much less
Barriers to industry
Cotton so profitable
Lack of business capital to invest ($ invested in land, slaves)
Smaller market for goods (slaves couldn’t afford them)
No desire for industry

38. Southern Factories
Some Southerners wanted them to develop, especially in Upper South which was less prosperous than Deep South cotton states
William Gregg opened textile factory in SC
Joseph Reid Anderson opened Tredegar Iron Works near Richmond (it would be key in the Civil War)

39. Southern Transportation
Natural waterways, not canals
Towns on seacoast or rivers – less need for canals, roads, railroads
Southern railroads were short, local, disconnected

40. Southern Transportation
Result- Southern cities grew more slowly than Northern cities
Civil War – only about 1/3 of nation’s railroads were in the South – a major drawback
South remains RURAL – farming and agricultural.

41. The South became increasingly rural (farmland and agriculture) as the North became increasingly urban (cities and industry).

42. Planter Class – richest, most powerful
Southern Population
Planter Class – richest, most powerful
Yeoman Farmers – largest group of whites; acres
Tenant Farmers and other rural poor
Enslaved Persons

43. Southern Population, 1860 Slaveholding whites – 17%
Enslaved African Americans – 32%
Free African Americans – 2%
Nonslaveholding whites – 49%

44. Yeoman Farmers
Especially in Upper South, hilly rural areas of Deep South (Not in the tidewater where plantations were located)
Grew crops for own use and to sell
Bartered for goods and services
Small homes

45. Tenant Farmers and Rural Poor
Log cabins in woods
Fished, hunted, farmed
Independent, self-sufficient

46. Plantations Tidewater 12% owned half the slaves in the South
About half the slaveholders owned fewer than five slaves
A few free African Americans owned slaves – some purchased family members to free them

47. Plantation Owners (Planters)
Goal – Profit
Expenses (equipment, etc.) stayed constant, but cotton prices varied
Cotton exchanges/trade centers – New Orleans, Charleston – agents bought cotton for credit (like a loan) – planters not paid until agents sold it
Kept planters in debt

48. Wives Supervised house servants, house gardens, accounting
Long periods alone

49. Plantation work House work – domestic slaves
Skilled Work - Carpenters, blacksmiths, shoemakers, weavers
Most were Field hands – supervised by overseer

50. Slave Life No respect for personal dignity Hard work
Fear of separation
Little hope of freedom
Developed a culture of own to survive
Few comforts in homes

51. Slave Culture Laws didn’t protect families from separation
Marriages weren’t recognized by law
Result - Large extended families developed for stability
Culture fused African and American elements

52. African American Culture
African elements
Folk stories
Music and dance
Some clothing
Some African religious practices

53. Christianity Hope for future freedom Spirituals Hopes
Secret communication
Combined faith with laments about suffering

54. Slave Codes Laws about slaves in the South
Designed to prevent slave rebellions
Couldn’t assemble in large groups
Need passes for travel
Teaching to read/write was illegal

55. Resistance to Slavery Sabotage Work slowly, pretend illness Run away –
Frederick Douglas, Harriet Tubman, Sojourner Truth
Underground Railroad
Most were captured and returned to owners
Most common punishment - whipping
Slave rebellions – infrequent
Most famous: Nat Turner’s Rebellion

56. Nat Turner’s Rebellion, 1831
Self-educated slave in Virginia
Violent rebellion – he and followers killed 55 whites before being captured
Results:
Nat Turner was hanged
Seemed to confirm southern fears of rebellions
Led to harsher slave codes
Virtually ended any chance Virginia would end slavery peacefully

57. City Life and Education
Largest cities – Baltimore, New Orleans
Ten largest cities were seaports or river ports
Other were located at railroad junctions
City dwellers: whites, some slaves, some free African Americans

58. Free African Americans
Opportunities for free African Americans – trades, services - in cities
Founded own churches and aid societies
Rights were still limited, often not able to move to other states (wouldn’t let them in)

59. Education Planters’ children – private schools, military academies
No statewide public school system in South, but some cities had public schools
Some states had charity schools
South lagged behind North in literacy
Population was dispersed (spread out), so it was harder to build schools
Believed it was a private matter, not a state function