1. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology SIXTH EDITION Frederic H. Martini PowerPoint ® Lecture Slide Presentation prepared by Dr. Kathleen A. Ireland, Biology Instructor, Seabury Hall, Maui, Hawaii Chapter 23, part 4 The Respiratory System

2. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings SECTION 23-9 Gas Pickup and Delivery

3. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Reactions are completely reversible Blood in peripheral capillaries delivers O 2 and absorbs CO 2

4. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Animation: Respiratory Processes and Partial Pressures in Respiration PLAY Figure 23.20 An Overview of Respiratory Processes and Partial Pressures in Respiration Figure 23.20a, b

5. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Carried mainly by RBCs, bound to hemoglobin The amount of oxygen hemoglobin can carried is dependent upon: P O2 pH temperature BPG Fetal hemoglobin has a higher O 2 affinity than adult hemoglobin Oxygen transport

6. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 23.21 Figure 23.21 The Oxygen-Hemoglobin Saturation Curve

7. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 23.21 Figure 23.21 The Oxygen-Hemoglobin Saturation Curve

8. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 23.22a, b Figure 23.22 The Effect of pH and Temperature on Hemoglobin Saturation

9. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 23.23 Figure 23.23 A Functional Comparison of Fetal and Adult Hemoglobin

10. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 7% dissolved in plasma 70% carried as carbonic acid buffer system 23% bound to hemoglobin carbaminohemoglobin Plasma transport Carbon dioxide transport

11. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 23.24 Figure 23.24 Carbon Dioxide Transport in Blood

12. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 23.24 Figure 23.24 Carbon Dioxide Transport in Blood

13. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Driven by differences in partial pressure Oxygen enters blood at lungs and leaves at tissues Carbon dioxide enters at tissues and leaves at lungs Summary of gas transport Animation: Gas Exchange and Gas Transport PLAY

14. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 23.25a, b Figure 23.25 A Summary of the Primary Gas Transport Mechanisms

15. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings SECTION 23-10 Control of Respiration

16. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Homeostatic mechanisms maintain balance Local regulation of gas transport and alveolar function include Lung perfusion Alveolar capillaries constrict in low oxygen Alveolar ventilation Bronchioles dilate in high carbon dioxide Gas absorption/generation balanced by capillary rates of delivery/removal

17. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Medullary centers Respiratory rhythmicity centers set pace Pons Apneustic and pneumotaxic centers Respiratory centers of the brain

18. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 23.27 Figure 23.27 Respiratory Centers and Reflex Controls

19. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Respiratory centers are modified by sensory information including Chemoreceptor reflexes Level of carbon dioxide Baroreceptors reflexes Hering-Breuer reflexes Prevents overinflation Protective reflexes Respiratory reflexes

20. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 23.28 Figure 23.28 The Chemoreceptor Response to Changes in P CO2

21. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Regulation of respiratory rate is dependent upon: Conscious and unconscious thought Emotional state Anticipation Voluntary control of respiration Animation: Control of Respiration PLAY

22. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings SECTION 23-11 Changes in the Respiratory System at Birth

23. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Upon taking the first breath: Inhaled air enters the respiratory passages for the first time The bronchial tree and most of the alveoli are inflated Subsequent breaths complete inflation of the alveoli Neonatal Respiration

24. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings SECTION 23-12 Aging and the Respiratory System

25. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Elastic tissue deteriorates causing lower lung compliance and vital capacity Chest movements are restricted by arthritic changes Some degree of emphysema normally occurs The efficiency of the respiratory system decreases with age as:

26. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The primary functions of the respiratory system The organs of the respiratory system and their functions The processes of external and internal respiration The physical principles governing the movement of air into the lungs and the diffusion of gases into the blood The important structural features of the respiratory membrane How oxygen and carbon dioxide are picked up, transported and released in the blood You should now be familiar with: