1. Finite Verb Review YAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAYYYYYY!!! PARTY!!! (indicative)

2. Just as nouns have ‘declensions’ in Latin, verbs belong to ‘conjugations.’ To conjugate a verb is to list all the possible grammatical forms of a verb. Latin verbs belong to four (and a half) conjugations. There are five pieces of grammatical information stored in a finite verb form (i.e., a ‘normal’ verb, not a verbal): Person -- 1 st or 2 nd Number -- Sing. or Plural Tense -- Present, Imperfect, Future, Perfect, Pluperfect, Future Perfect Voice -- Active or Passive Mood -- Indicative or Subjunctive

3. The Present Active Tense -- Everyone’s Favourite The present tense in Latin can be translated as ‘I verb,’ ‘I am verbing,’ or ‘I do verb.’ The six forms of the verb correspond with the six possible person/number combinations. All conjugations follow the same basic pattern with different intermediate vowels. Iwe youyou (pl.) he/she/itthey amōamāmus amāsamātis amatamant 1 st : moneōmonēmus monēsmonētis monetmonent ducōducimus ducisducitis ducitducunt audiōaudimus audisauditis auditaudiunt 2 nd : 3 rd : 4 th : “To be:” sumsumus esestis estsunt

4. Imperfect and Future Actives The imperfect tense is a progressive past tense in Latin: ‘I was verbing, kept on verbing…’ It is formed by inserting -ba- after the present stem, as in amabam, monebam, ducebam, and audiebam (note the -ie-). amābamamābāmus amābāsamābātis amābatamābant eramerāmus erāserātis eraterant The future, ‘I will/shall verb,’ is tricky. In the first and second conjugations, a -bi- is inserted after the present stem, but in the third and fourth the ‘old maid vowels’ are used instead. Watch for these! amābōamābimus amābisamābitis amābitamābunt ducamducēmus ducēsducētis ducetducent erōerimus eriseritis eriterunt

5. Perfective Actives The perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect tenses are all formed off of the PERFECT stem (from the 3 rd principal part), not the present stem. All verbs, even irregulars, use the same sets of endings for these tenses, although in some cases the present and perfect stems are quite dissimilar. Perfect:Pluperfect: Future Perfect: amāvīamāvīmus amāvistīamāvistis amāvitamāvērunt amāveramamāverāmus amāverāsamāverātis amāveratamāvērant amāverōamāverimus amāverisamāveritis amāveritamāvērint

6. Non-perfective Passives In the progressive tenses, the passive is formed quite simply from the active, by replacing the active personal endings with the passive. This gives the verb the meaning ‘I am verbed, I was verbed, I will be verbed.’ amōramāmur amārisamāmini amaturamantur amābaramābāmur amābārisamābāmini amābaturamābantur amābōramābimur amāberisamābimini amābituramābuntur Present:Imperfect: Future:

7. The Perfective Passives Perfective passives are compound in Latin -- they are composed of more than one word, including the helping verb ‘to be,’ which combine together (cf. English ‘I have been). In Latin they are formed of the perfect passive participle (the 4 th principal part) and the appropriate form of sum, esse. Don’t forget to decline the participle as necessary. amātus sumamātī sumus amātus esamātī estis amātus estamātī sunt amātus eramamātī erāmus amātus erāsamātī erātis amātus eratamātī erant amātus erōamātī erimus amātus erisamātī eritis amātus eritamātī erunt Perfect: Pluperfect: Future Perfect: