1. Unit 1 – Early Civilizations Prehistory
Prehistory – AD 1570

2. Homework Structure… Outline – Occasional Homework Assignments-
Record these in your Notebook
Outline Format (do not rewrite the chapter)
Can use these Outlines on your quizzes
Occasional Homework Assignments-
Section Questions –
Full sentence answers that draw conclusions from your reading.
Critical Thinking Questions –
1 to 2 paragraph answer that analyzes the question & often uses both the chapter & background information to draw conclusions.

3. How would you organize information?

4. Initiation
What types of things go through your mind when you read a text? What can you do to improve your reading technique?
Read over sections that confuse you
Take notes on what you read
Write on handouts that are yours to keep/make notes in the margins
Look up difficult words (in a dictionary)
READ EVERYTHING, not just the bare minimum
Define bolded vocabulary words

5. Reading Skills Reflection
What other reading skills do YOU think might help YOU?
List five things that might help you to become a better reader.
Highlight/underline
Find a focused place/atmosphere
Organizing your reading experience
Skim readings first with a quick glance
Read everything
Read aloud
Look at images/infographics first
Read chapter topics/headings first
Re-read material
Discuss readings aloud or in the mirror
Written summaries after reading
Read vocab first for consistent reading
Take breaks and RECALL
Ask questions throughout
Keep a steady reading pace
Note-taking
Reading activities/supplements
Ask a knowledgeable source
Highlight important sentences
Ask yourself questions along the way
Look at the end-of-section questions (before/after)
Read at your own pace (don’t rush!)
Focus on titles/subtitles for a quick overview
Read any included summaries
Relate reading to your own life or other readings
Look at images/ask yourself why they were included
Read captions
Look for root word of difficult words

6. Reading the Textbook Look for the following things:
RED section headings
BLACK sub-section headings
Focus questions at the start of every section
Important tables, maps, and infographics
CHECKPOINT QUESTIONS
Assessment Questions (end-of-section questions)

7. 1.1: Understanding Our Past
Scholars Who Study the Past
Anthropologists
-Study the origins and development of people and their societies
-Modern ones specialize in certain fields
Some study human bones; others study human cultures
Archaeologists
-Are also Anthropologists
Study past people and cultures through material remains, such as buildings and artifacts
-Find artifacts at a site, and then analyze them
-Use technology to study their findings
Historians
-Study and write about the historical past
-Learn from artifacts and written evidence
-Evaluate evidence to determine if it is reliable
-Analyze evidence to understand why events happened

8. 1.1: Understanding Our Past
Hominids
Group
Summary
Australopithecines
Earliest hominids
Lived in Africa
Appeared as early as 7 million years ago
Homo Habilis
Emerged about 2 million years ago
Made stone tools for cutting, scraping, chopping, or sawing plants, animals and wood
Homo Erectus
Appeared around 2 million years ago, walked upright
Had larger brains and bones and smaller teeth than other hominids
Thought to be first to use fire and to migrate out of Africa
Made hand axes
Homo Sapiens
Emerged between 100,000 and 250,000 years ago
May have lived in Africa, then migrated into rest of world, or may have developed from Homo erectus in different parts of the world
Divided into two groups: Neanderthals and early modern humans
Between 50,000 and 30,000 years ago Neanderthals disappeared; early modern humans are now the only hominids on Earth

9. What Makes Us Human? What Characteristics are distinctly Homo Sapien?
“Ape Genius”
Human Children vs. Chimpanzee (Ability to Learn)
Cooperation -
Are you smarter than a Chimp? -

10. 1.2: Turning Point: The Neolithic Revolution Note Taking Practice
Eras of Prehistory
Life Before Farming
Life After Farming
As you read the text, you should be able to
Understand and apply the key ideas, concepts, people and vocabulary.
Also, you should start to get comfortable with making additional connections to the material in class, and to your life.
When you read a section
Read the title of the section. This is a quick way to know right away what you will be reading.
Read the focus question: Have this in your mind as you read and mentally answer it as you go.
Read the objectives: They tell you exactly what you will learn.
After you read a section, before you move on, take less than 1 minute to ask yourself what was that about? Can you can answer the focus question?

11. 1.2: Turning Point: The Neolithic Revolution
Eras of Prehistory
Life Before Farming
Life After Farming
Old Stone Age/Paleolithic
Nomads; hunted and gathered food
Lived in bands of 20 to 30
Made simple tools out of stone, bone, and wood
Built fires and made clothing
Developed spoken language
Learned to cross water
Showed belief in a spiritual world, buried their dead, and made cave paintings
New Stone Age/Neolithic
Grew own food, no longer nomads
Farmers settled in the first permanent villages, including Çatalhüyük and Jericho.
Developed new skills and technologies, including plant and animal domestication, and calendars.
Men began to dominate family, economic, and political life.
Differences in wealth appeared.

12. Old vs. New Stone Age The Neolithic Revolution
Nomadic, hunter gatherer life style
Paleolithic (old stone age) 2.5 mya
Begins with the use of stone tools
Neolithic (New Stone Age) 10,000 ya to 3,500 BCE
During the Neolithic era fundamental changes in society took place because of the new tools in use.
Life based on agriculture, domesticated animals and permanent settlements.

13. The Development of Stone Tools

15. Major River Valley Civilizations
River(s) of Importance
Sumer
Tigris and Euphrates Rivers
Egypt
Nile River
Indus Civilization
Indus River
Shang Civilization
Huang River (Yellow River)

16. Why is there an Agricultural Revolution? Draw Conclusions
Ice Age
The Present

17. River Civilizations Why did all early civilizations live near rivers?
1. Regular water supply
2. Transportation
3. Animals go to water = food supply
4. Good for farming (floods spread silt, creating fertile soil) 5. b/c of farming condition farmers can produce a surplus of food and support a growing population

18. Brainstorm
List at least TEN things that you think of when you hear the word, “Civilization.”

19. Early Civilizations Evolution of towns & cities
Farming produces a surplus (“extra” food)
Population Growth – more food = healthier population = population boom
W/ more people --> Greater reliance on farming to sustain the population
Domesticate animals & develop new farming tools = more food
W/ a surplus food can be bartered (traded) = cultural/ technological exchange
Division on labor – specialization
Farmers, craftsmen, artisans (things get made better & faster)
More time & More people = public building projects  requires leadership to organize & collect taxes to pay for it.
Wealthier, more comfortable & complex life style develop…. Civilization

20. 1.3: Beginnings of Civilization The Development of Civilization
Rise of Cities and Civilizations
Located near major rivers
River valley civilizations arose in the Middle East, Egypt, India, and China.
In the Americas, early civilizations arose in the highlands; they may have begun as religious centers.
Away from the cities, people lived as hunters, gatherers, famers, and nomads.
Features of Civilizations
Cities
Organized governments
Complex religions
Job specialization
Social classes
Arts and architecture
Public Works
Writing
Changes Over Time
Changes in the physical environment caused civilizations to change.
Interactions among people and cultural diffusion caused civilizations to change.
As rulers grew more powerful, civilizations began to center around city-states and empires.

21. Timeline of Earth & Humanity
Culture Develops
YA = Years Ago
MYA = Millions of Years Ago
BYA = Billions of Years Ago
250,000 YA:
Homo Sapiens emerged (“thinking person”)
12 MYA:
Humans develop separately from Apes
4.5 BYA:
Formation of Planet
1.5 BYA:
Dinosaurs Roam Earth
12,000 YA:
Neolithic Revolution
3.5 BYA:
Life Appears on Earth
65 MYA:
Dinosaurs Extinct; Primates Appear
3 MYA:
Distant humans climbed down out of trees
40,000 YA:
Humans look basically as they do today