1. The New Era Chapter 24

2. I. The New Economy  Economic Growth Huge economic boom in early 1920s Huge economic boom in early 1920s output up 60%output up 60% per capita income up a thirdper capita income up a third Causes Causes debilitation of European industrydebilitation of European industry technologytechnology automobiles connected to everything elseautomobiles connected to everything else radioradio cheap and readily available energycheap and readily available energy STUFF (home appliances, plastics, synthetic fibers, aluminum, aviation, electronics)STUFF (home appliances, plastics, synthetic fibers, aluminum, aviation, electronics)

3. Economic Organization Consolidation: U.S. Steel and “Little Steel” Consolidation: U.S. Steel and “Little Steel” Administration and expansion: General Motors Administration and expansion: General Motors Cooperation: trade association Cooperation: trade association Limiting competition connected to fear of overproduction Limiting competition connected to fear of overproduction

4. Labor in the New Era Strong economy, but uneven distribution of wealth Strong economy, but uneven distribution of wealth 2/3 lived no better than “minimum comfort”2/3 lived no better than “minimum comfort” 1/3 of the population “subsistence and poverty”1/3 of the population “subsistence and poverty” lack of political organization limited power of the poorlack of political organization limited power of the poor Positive Changes for Labor Positive Changes for Labor rise in the standard of living (STUFF)rise in the standard of living (STUFF) improved working conditionsimproved working conditions many employers wanted to avoid labor unrest: allowed trade unionsmany employers wanted to avoid labor unrest: allowed trade unions paternalistic “welfare capitalism”paternalistic “welfare capitalism” U.S. Steel: improved safety and sanitation U.S. Steel: improved safety and sanitation Ford: shortened workweek, raised wages, instituted paid vacations Ford: shortened workweek, raised wages, instituted paid vacations

5. Labor in the New Era Continued Limited / Negative Changes for Labor Limited / Negative Changes for Labor unions feebleunions feeble “welfare capitalism” survived only as long as industry prospered… when 1929 hit, the entire system collapsed“welfare capitalism” survived only as long as industry prospered… when 1929 hit, the entire system collapsed limited increase in salary due to large supply of workerslimited increase in salary due to large supply of workers making ends meet with more than one jobmaking ends meet with more than one job unemployment 5-7%unemployment 5-7% Union movement looked at as best hope, but weak Union movement looked at as best hope, but weak William Green, head of AFL 1924 frowned on strikesWilliam Green, head of AFL 1924 frowned on strikes

6. Women and Minorities in the Work Force increased number of women working “pink collar” jobs increased number of women working “pink collar” jobs salesclerks, telephone operators, secretariessalesclerks, telephone operators, secretaries underpaidunderpaid not represented in unionsnot represented in unions African Americans African Americans janitors, dishwashers, garbage collectors, laundryjanitors, dishwashers, garbage collectors, laundry not represented in unionsnot represented in unions Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters 1925 all black unionBrotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters 1925 all black union

7. Women and Minorities in the Work Force Continued Asians in the West and Southwest Asians in the West and Southwest excluded from Unionsexcluded from Unions Chinese Exclusion Acts (Angel Island)Chinese Exclusion Acts (Angel Island) Japanese success as truck farmers, laws passed in response to make it difficult for them to buy landJapanese success as truck farmers, laws passed in response to make it difficult for them to buy land Filipinos: Anti-Filipino riots led to legislation in 1934 eliminating immigration from the PhilippinesFilipinos: Anti-Filipino riots led to legislation in 1934 eliminating immigration from the Philippines Hispanics in the West and Southwest Hispanics in the West and Southwest major part of unskilled labor force in the Southwest and CAmajor part of unskilled labor force in the Southwest and CA ½ million Mexicans entered US in the 1920s /½ million Mexicans entered US in the 1920s / total over 1 million total over 1 million concentrated in urban cities “barrios” without plumbing or sewageconcentrated in urban cities “barrios” without plumbing or sewage no laws to exclude, necessity for ready pool ofno laws to exclude, necessity for ready pool of low-paid, unskilled, unorganized workers low-paid, unskilled, unorganized workers

8. The “American Plan” Strength of corporations was the principal reason for the absence of effective labor organization Strength of corporations was the principal reason for the absence of effective labor organization Corporate leaders worked hard to label unionism with radicalism Corporate leaders worked hard to label unionism with radicalism Protection of the “open shop” became “American Plan”… principal behind harsh campaign of union busting Protection of the “open shop” became “American Plan”… principal behind harsh campaign of union busting Government Assistance goes to corporate leaders Government Assistance goes to corporate leaders 1921 the Supreme Court declares picketing illegal and supported the right of courts to issue injunctions against strikers1921 the Supreme Court declares picketing illegal and supported the right of courts to issue injunctions against strikers 1922 Justice Department quells a strike of 400,000 workers1922 Justice Department quells a strike of 400,000 workers 1924 courts refused to protect members of the United Mine Workers when mine owners launched a violent campaign to break up a strike1924 courts refused to protect members of the United Mine Workers when mine owners launched a violent campaign to break up a strike union membership decreases as a responseunion membership decreases as a response

9. The Plight of the Farmer number of tractors on American farms quadrupled in the 1920s… lead to 35 million new acres of cultivation number of tractors on American farms quadrupled in the 1920s… lead to 35 million new acres of cultivation increased production did not increase demand… result was overproduction increased production did not increase demand… result was overproduction decline in food pricesdecline in food prices drop in income for farmersdrop in income for farmers farmer only made about a quarter of the salary of the non- farmerfarmer only made about a quarter of the salary of the non- farmer 3 million people left agriculture in the course of the decade… many that remained forced into tenancy 3 million people left agriculture in the course of the decade… many that remained forced into tenancy most farmers moderate… few demanded gov’t relief most farmers moderate… few demanded gov’t relief American Farm Bureau Federation American Farm Bureau Federation Parity: a formula for guaranteeing farmers a fair price for their crops regardless of national or international fluctuations Parity: a formula for guaranteeing farmers a fair price for their crops regardless of national or international fluctuations McNary-Haugen Bill… vetoed repeatedly by conservative presidents McNary-Haugen Bill… vetoed repeatedly by conservative presidents

10. Consumerism society in which people could buy things not just out of need, but out of pleasure society in which people could buy things not just out of need, but out of pleasure new products: electric refrigerators, washing machines, electric irons, vacuum cleaners, wristwatches, cigarettes, cosmetics and automobiles new products: electric refrigerators, washing machines, electric irons, vacuum cleaners, wristwatches, cigarettes, cosmetics and automobiles how the automobile changed American life how the automobile changed American life 30 million cars on American roads30 million cars on American roads expanded geographical horizons of millionsexpanded geographical horizons of millions vacations now available to more peoplevacations now available to more people means of escaping rural isolation means of escaping rural isolation city dwellers able to escape from city life city dwellers able to escape from city life suburbssuburbs social lives for younger, affluent peoplesocial lives for younger, affluent people II. The New Culture

11. Advertising advertising grows in response to success of WWI propaganda advertising grows in response to success of WWI propaganda no longer just about sharing information… now about persuasion no longer just about sharing information… now about persuasion The Man Nobody Knows, Bruce Barton… portrayed Jesus Christ as a super salesman… advertising looked at as good business The Man Nobody Knows, Bruce Barton… portrayed Jesus Christ as a super salesman… advertising looked at as good business new vehicles of advertisement: newspapers, magazines… Saturday Evening Post, Reader’s Digest and Time Magazine new vehicles of advertisement: newspapers, magazines… Saturday Evening Post, Reader’s Digest and Time Magazine *Fake Smile*

12. The Movies and Broadcasting  Films 40 million had seen films in 1922 / 100 million by 1930 40 million had seen films in 1922 / 100 million by 1930 First feature length “talkie” The Jazz Singer First feature length “talkie” The Jazz Singer 1921: Motion Picture Association to set up “standards” on films 1921: Motion Picture Association to set up “standards” on films Will Hays uses broad powers to conform film industryWill Hays uses broad powers to conform film industry Rudolph Valentino Rudolph Valentino Radio Radio most important new communications vehiclemost important new communications vehicle  KDKA first commercial radio station in America National Broadcasting Company (NBC) first national radio networkNational Broadcasting Company (NBC) first national radio network 1923 500 radio stations1923 500 radio stations 1929 12 million families owned radio sets1929 12 million families owned radio sets much less centralized than filmmakingmuch less centralized than filmmaking self regulation self regulation more controversial than film industry more controversial than film industry

13. Modernist Religion movement to abandon some literal interpretation of the Bible for a belief system that would help individuals live more fulfilling lives in the present world movement to abandon some literal interpretation of the Bible for a belief system that would help individuals live more fulfilling lives in the present world Harry Emerson Fosdick: aim of Christian religion was not unexamined faith, but a fully developed personality… liberal Protestantism Harry Emerson Fosdick: aim of Christian religion was not unexamined faith, but a fully developed personality… liberal Protestantism many stopped well short of embracing this new religion… but pointed to general trend: the devaluing of religion to a secondary role many stopped well short of embracing this new religion… but pointed to general trend: the devaluing of religion to a secondary role Sunday becoming a day filled with activities and entertainments Sunday becoming a day filled with activities and entertainments

14. Professional Women substantial group of women now combined marriage and careers: 25% of all women workers married substantial group of women now combined marriage and careers: 25% of all women workers married continued debate about what were suitable roles for women workers continued debate about what were suitable roles for women workers “new professional woman” was a vivid and widely publicized image in the 1920s… but reality was different “new professional woman” was a vivid and widely publicized image in the 1920s… but reality was different most female workers were lower class and unskilled… most middle class women in the home most female workers were lower class and unskilled… most middle class women in the home

15. Changing Ideas of Motherhood 1920s = redefinition of motherhood 1920s = redefinition of motherhood “behaviorist” psychology began to challenge the idea that women had an instinctive capacity for motherhood “behaviorist” psychology began to challenge the idea that women had an instinctive capacity for motherhood mothers should rely on assistance of experts and professionalsmothers should rely on assistance of experts and professionals motherhood more connected to institutions outside of the familymotherhood more connected to institutions outside of the family women become less likely to allow children to intervene with development of marital relationship women become less likely to allow children to intervene with development of marital relationship focus of sex shifts from procreation to romantic expression focus of sex shifts from procreation to romantic expression birth control = both a cause and an effect of this new way of thinking birth control = both a cause and an effect of this new way of thinking Margaret Sanger = advocate of birth control Margaret Sanger = advocate of birth control working class womenworking class women poor communitiespoor communities spread to middle classspread to middle class Many birth control devices banned in many states… abortion illegal nearly everywhere Many birth control devices banned in many states… abortion illegal nearly everywhere Margaret Sanger

16. The “Flapper”: Image and Reality some women believed that the in the “New Era” it was no longer necessary to maintain a rigid, Victorian female “respectability”… general release from repression and inhibition some women believed that the in the “New Era” it was no longer necessary to maintain a rigid, Victorian female “respectability”… general release from repression and inhibition smoke and drinksmoke and drink dancedance wear seductive clothes and makeupwear seductive clothes and makeup attend lively parties attend lively parties flapper = term used to describe “New Era” woman whose liberated lifestyle found new expression flapper = term used to describe “New Era” woman whose liberated lifestyle found new expression dressdress hairstylehairstyle speechspeech behaviorbehavior huge impact on lower-middle class and working class single women who were flocking to new industrial jobs in the service sector huge impact on lower-middle class and working class single women who were flocking to new industrial jobs in the service sector despite independent image of flapper, most women remained highly dependent on men: workplace and at home despite independent image of flapper, most women remained highly dependent on men: workplace and at home

17. Pressing for Women’s Rights realization that the “new woman” was a myth lead many women to continue to press for reform realization that the “new woman” was a myth lead many women to continue to press for reform Alice Paul: National Women’s Party, continued to press for an Equal Rights Amendment Alice Paul: National Women’s Party, continued to press for an Equal Rights Amendment League of Women Voters League of Women Voters 1921 Sheppard-Towner Act: provided federal funds to states to establish prenatal and child healthcare programs… 1929 program terminated due to opposition on many fronts 1921 Sheppard-Towner Act: provided federal funds to states to establish prenatal and child healthcare programs… 1929 program terminated due to opposition on many fronts 1929 discovered that female vote had done little change to electoral votes… women divided the same way as men… thus male politicians felt little concern about the consequences of opposing the demands of female reformers 1929 discovered that female vote had done little change to electoral votes… women divided the same way as men… thus male politicians felt little concern about the consequences of opposing the demands of female reformers

18. Education and Youth more people going to school than ever before more people going to school than ever before high school attendance from 2.2 million to 5 million during decadehigh school attendance from 2.2 million to 5 million during decade enrollment in colleges and universities goes up threefold from 1900 to 1930enrollment in colleges and universities goes up threefold from 1900 to 1930 attendance increasing at trade and vocational schoolsattendance increasing at trade and vocational schools emergence of separate youth culture: concept of adolescence emergence of separate youth culture: concept of adolescence influenced by Freudian psychologyinfluenced by Freudian psychology extended period of training and preparation was necessary before a young person was ready to move into the workplaceextended period of training and preparation was necessary before a young person was ready to move into the workplace school not just a place for academics, but extracurricular activitiesschool not just a place for academics, but extracurricular activities

19. The Decline of the “Self-Made Man” increase in the beliefs of education and adolescence lead to the gradual disappearance of this theory increase in the beliefs of education and adolescence lead to the gradual disappearance of this theory crisis of self-identification and dependence among many American males crisis of self-identification and dependence among many American males Different outlets for masculinity Different outlets for masculinity sportssports fraternitiesfraternities warfarewarfare Creation of three heroes… all of which represented the triumphs of modern technology, but did not have formal education Creation of three heroes… all of which represented the triumphs of modern technology, but did not have formal education Thomas Edison: inventor of light bulb and other technological marvelsThomas Edison: inventor of light bulb and other technological marvels Henry Ford: creator of assembly line, one of the founders of auto industryHenry Ford: creator of assembly line, one of the founders of auto industry Charles Lindbergh: first aviator to make a solo flight across the Atlantic OceanCharles Lindbergh: first aviator to make a solo flight across the Atlantic Ocean Thomas Edison Henry Ford Charles Lindbergh

20. The Disenchanted generation of artists and intellectuals who found new society disturbing generation of artists and intellectuals who found new society disturbing rather than change society, they tried to isolate themselves rather than change society, they tried to isolate themselves “Lost Generation” (Who’s Lost?) “Lost Generation” (Who’s Lost?) belief that modern America no longer provided individuals with avenues by which they could achieve personal fulfillmentbelief that modern America no longer provided individuals with avenues by which they could achieve personal fulfillment aftermath of war was shattering… war was a fraudaftermath of war was shattering… war was a fraud saddened by repudiation of idealism with “business as usual”saddened by repudiation of idealism with “business as usual” disgust with materialism and consumerismdisgust with materialism and consumerism

21. The Disenchanted Continued Ernest Hemmingway, Farwell to Arms Ernest Hemmingway, Farwell to Arms “debunkers” writers who wrote savage critiques of nearly every aspect of society “debunkers” writers who wrote savage critiques of nearly every aspect of society H.L. Mencken “why do people go to the zoo?”H.L. Mencken “why do people go to the zoo?” Sinclair LewisSinclair Lewis F. Scott Fitzgerald The Great GatsbyF. Scott Fitzgerald The Great Gatsby many went to live in isolated places and engaged in hedonistic lifestyles many went to live in isolated places and engaged in hedonistic lifestyles end result was one of the greatest decades of American Literature end result was one of the greatest decades of American Literature

22. The Harlem Renaissance once an affluent white suburb in northern Manhattan… by the end of WWI: one of the largest and most influential African American communities once an affluent white suburb in northern Manhattan… by the end of WWI: one of the largest and most influential African American communities “Harlem Renaissance” term used to describe a new generation of black artists and intellectuals who created a flourishing African American culture “Harlem Renaissance” term used to describe a new generation of black artists and intellectuals who created a flourishing African American culture nightclubs (The Cotton Club) featuring jazz musicians (Duke Ellington, Jelly Roll Morton, Fletcher Henderson)nightclubs (The Cotton Club) featuring jazz musicians (Duke Ellington, Jelly Roll Morton, Fletcher Henderson) theatres featuring musical comediestheatres featuring musical comedies poetry (Langston Hughes, Claude McKay…)poetry (Langston Hughes, Claude McKay…) visual art (Aaron Douglas)visual art (Aaron Douglas) Brought African American products to the attention of larger society Brought African American products to the attention of larger society Some blacks combined there art with radical politics Some blacks combined there art with radical politics

23. The Southern Agrarians centered around Vanderbilt University centered around Vanderbilt University questioned modern industry questioned modern industry “Renegades” not originally connected to the South, but eventually targeted the South because it was underdeveloped… became Agrarians “Renegades” not originally connected to the South, but eventually targeted the South because it was underdeveloped… became Agrarians I’ll Take My Stand… Agrarian manifesto I’ll Take My Stand… Agrarian manifesto Justified segregationJustified segregation Critique of industrializationCritique of industrialization “backwards” South as model for a nation drunk with visions of limitless growth and modernization “backwards” South as model for a nation drunk with visions of limitless growth and modernization

24. Prohibition when passed, huge symbol of progressivism when passed, huge symbol of progressivism within a year “noble experiment” not working well within a year “noble experiment” not working well did reduce drinking in some regions of the country did reduce drinking in some regions of the country produced growing violations that brought integrity of the law into question produced growing violations that brought integrity of the law into question in many places, easier to acquire illegal alcohol than it was to acquire legal alcohol before prohibition in many places, easier to acquire illegal alcohol than it was to acquire legal alcohol before prohibition III. A Conflict of Cultures

25. Prohibition Continued trade once operated by legitimate businessmen now operated by organized crime trade once operated by legitimate businessmen now operated by organized crime Al Capone, ChicagoAl Capone, Chicago Violent deaths of 250 people between 1920 –1927Violent deaths of 250 people between 1920 –1927 rural, Protestant Americans continue to defend Prohibition rural, Protestant Americans continue to defend Prohibition saw drinking to be connected with Catholic culture saw drinking to be connected with Catholic culture old stock Americans trying to discipline new stock old stock Americans trying to discipline new stock “wets” v. “drys” “wets” v. “drys” 1933 repealed during Great Depression 1933 repealed during Great Depression (21 st Amendment)(21 st Amendment)

26. Nativism and the Klan again, old stock trying to discipline new stock again, old stock trying to discipline new stock post war ideology: immigration associated with radicalism post war ideology: immigration associated with radicalism Spreading Growth Spreading Growth 1921 immigration act establishing quotas: cut immigration from 800,000 to 300,000 1921 immigration act establishing quotas: cut immigration from 800,000 to 300,000 National Origins Act of 1924 banned immigration from east Asia entirely National Origins Act of 1924 banned immigration from east Asia entirely Large communities of foreign peoples, threat to older more homogeneous America lead to rebirth of KKK Large communities of foreign peoples, threat to older more homogeneous America lead to rebirth of KKK

27. Nativism and the Klan Continued  KKK Leo Frank, 1914 Jewish man lynched in Atlanta, Georgia Leo Frank, 1914 Jewish man lynched in Atlanta, Georgia Stone Mountain, near Atlanta in 1915 Stone Mountain, near Atlanta in 1915 D.W. Griffith’s film The Birth of a Nation: glorified early Klan D.W. Griffith’s film The Birth of a Nation: glorified early Klan Originally connected to intimidating blacks, but after WWI, primary concern shifted to Catholics, Jews and foreigners Originally connected to intimidating blacks, but after WWI, primary concern shifted to Catholics, Jews and foreigners Spreading in North (Indiana) and West (Oregon and Colorado) Spreading in North (Indiana) and West (Oregon and Colorado) 1923: 3 million members / 1924: 4 million members 1923: 3 million members / 1924: 4 million members  Systematic Terrorism boycott businesses boycott businesses threaten families threaten families public whipping public whipping tarring and feathering tarring and feathering arson arson hanging hanging

28. Nativism and the Klan Continued Again The Klan didn’t just fear “racial impurities” they feared any challenge to “traditional values” The Klan didn’t just fear “racial impurities” they feared any challenge to “traditional values” Provided poor whites with a sense of community and seeming authority Provided poor whites with a sense of community and seeming authority secret language and excitement secret language and excitement social “sphere” for women social “sphere” for women Downfall of Klan 1925 Downfall of Klan 1925 David Stephenson, Indiana: convicted of murder David Stephenson, Indiana: convicted of murder He had control of everyone in Indiana with written agreements He had control of everyone in Indiana with written agreements However, he breaks all of the rules of KKK (1. Prohibition 2. Protecting White Women 3. Acting like a Christian) However, he breaks all of the rules of KKK (1. Prohibition 2. Protecting White Women 3. Acting like a Christian) Drinking, Rape, Caniballism, and Murder!!!Drinking, Rape, Caniballism, and Murder!!! Stephenson, individually, helped the rise and the FALL of the KKK!Stephenson, individually, helped the rise and the FALL of the KKK!

29. Religious Fundamentalism  American Protestantism divided into two camps Modernists: mostly urban, middle-class people who had attempted to adapt religion to modern scienceModernists: mostly urban, middle-class people who had attempted to adapt religion to modern science Traditionalists: largely rural, fighting to maintain the centrality of religion in American life “fundamentalists”Traditionalists: largely rural, fighting to maintain the centrality of religion in American life “fundamentalists”  i. strongly opposed Darwin  ii. literal interpretation of the Bible Tennessee March 1925: adopted a law making it illegal for any public school teacher to teach evolution opposed to creation Tennessee March 1925: adopted a law making it illegal for any public school teacher to teach evolution opposed to creation

30. Religious Fundamentalism Continued American Civil Liberties Union: founded in 1920 by citizens who were alarmed with the repressive legal and social climate of the war and it’s aftermath (Jane Addams, Norman Thomas and Helen Keller) American Civil Liberties Union: founded in 1920 by citizens who were alarmed with the repressive legal and social climate of the war and it’s aftermath (Jane Addams, Norman Thomas and Helen Keller) offered free council to anyone willing to defy the law offered free council to anyone willing to defy the law 24 year old biology teacher, John T. Scopes agreed to have himself arrested 24 year old biology teacher, John T. Scopes agreed to have himself arrested Trial pitted two famous lawyers against each other Trial pitted two famous lawyers against each other Clarence Darrow: famous defense attorney Clarence Darrow: famous defense attorney William Jennings Bryan: important fundamentalist spokesman William Jennings Bryan: important fundamentalist spokesman Judge refused expert testimony by expert scholars Judge refused expert testimony by expert scholars Scopes was fined $100, case later dismissed in a higher court Scopes was fined $100, case later dismissed in a higher court Bryan put on the stand as an “expert on the Bible”! Bryan put on the stand as an “expert on the Bible”! Scopes Trial = huge setback for fundamentalists Scopes Trial = huge setback for fundamentalists Who were the real winners??? Who were the real winners???

31. The Democrats’ Ordeal suffered in response to fractions between urban and rural factions suffered in response to fractions between urban and rural factions on one side: prohibitionists, Klansmen, and fundamentalists on one side: prohibitionists, Klansmen, and fundamentalists on the other side: Catholics, urban workers, and immigrants on the other side: Catholics, urban workers, and immigrants 1924 Primary: 103 Ballots! Split between Alfred E. Smith (urban Catholic) and William McAdoo (rural) 1924 Primary: 103 Ballots! Split between Alfred E. Smith (urban Catholic) and William McAdoo (rural) 1928: Alfred E. Smith secures party nomination and secures total division in Democratic party (the next and last Catholic to receive a major party nomination would be JFK) 1928: Alfred E. Smith secures party nomination and secures total division in Democratic party (the next and last Catholic to receive a major party nomination would be JFK) Herbert Hoover took office widely believed to be one of the most capable and well equipped to take office…. Herbert Hoover took office widely believed to be one of the most capable and well equipped to take office….

32. Harding and Coolidge two men who characterized the nature of 1920s politics: passive two men who characterized the nature of 1920s politics: passive Warren G. Harding Warren G. Harding undistinguished undistinguished easily controlled easily controlled lacked the strength to abandon interests that made him president lacked the strength to abandon interests that made him president Scandal! Secretary Fall convicted of bribery for selling gov’t oil preserves… one year in prison (TeaPot Dome Scandal) Scandal! Secretary Fall convicted of bribery for selling gov’t oil preserves… one year in prison (TeaPot Dome Scandal) died of “heart attack” died of “heart attack” Calvin Coolidge Calvin Coolidge main advisers were from the advertising industrymain advisers were from the advertising industry built a reputation as a simple man defending country virtues… but was thoroughly urban man of modern sensibilitiesbuilt a reputation as a simple man defending country virtues… but was thoroughly urban man of modern sensibilities conviction that gov’t should interfere as little as possibleconviction that gov’t should interfere as little as possible “He aspired to become the least President the country ever had. He attained his desire”“He aspired to become the least President the country ever had. He attained his desire” “Silent Cal” but not governor of Massachusetts“Silent Cal” but not governor of Massachusetts Written statement “I do not choose to run for president in 1928”Written statement “I do not choose to run for president in 1928” IV. Republican Government

33. Warren G. Harding Calvin Coolidge

34. Government and Business despite ineptness of presidents, much gov’t was working effectively to adapt public policy to the widely accepted goal of helping business and industry operate with maximum efficiency and productivity despite ineptness of presidents, much gov’t was working effectively to adapt public policy to the widely accepted goal of helping business and industry operate with maximum efficiency and productivity Business continued to work with gov’t… but in altered form which was contrary to progressive ideals Business continued to work with gov’t… but in altered form which was contrary to progressive ideals Business Secretary of Treasury Andrew Mellon: cut taxes on corporate profitsBusiness Secretary of Treasury Andrew Mellon: cut taxes on corporate profits Herbert Hoover: believed public institutions had a responsibility to create a new, cooperative orderHerbert Hoover: believed public institutions had a responsibility to create a new, cooperative order William Howard Taft: Chief Justice 1921William Howard Taft: Chief Justice 1921 Lochner v. New York: struck down a law limiting the number of hours bankers in New York could be required to work.Lochner v. New York: struck down a law limiting the number of hours bankers in New York could be required to work. Bailey v. Drexel Furniture: struck down federal legislation regulating child laborBailey v. Drexel Furniture: struck down federal legislation regulating child labor Adkins v. Children’s Hospital: nullified a minimum wage law for womenAdkins v. Children’s Hospital: nullified a minimum wage law for women Sanctioned trade unions as being hurtful to competition, but allowed U.S Steel to continue its monopolistic practices…Sanctioned trade unions as being hurtful to competition, but allowed U.S Steel to continue its monopolistic practices…

35. Government and Business Continued Remaining progressive reformers lacked the power to overthrow presidential vetoes Remaining progressive reformers lacked the power to overthrow presidential vetoes Some progressives were encouraged with the election of Herbert Hoover… widely regarded as the most progressive member of the Harding and Coolidge administrations… but he would have little opportunity to prove himself Some progressives were encouraged with the election of Herbert Hoover… widely regarded as the most progressive member of the Harding and Coolidge administrations… but he would have little opportunity to prove himself