1. The Respiratory System
Dr.Khaled Helmy

2. Organs of the Respiratory system
Nose
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Lungs - alveoli

3. Function of the Respiratory System
Gas Exchange.
Regulation of PH.
Voice production.
Olfaction.
Immunity.

4. Slide 13.4a

5. The Nose "The nose is the gatekeeper of the lung.“
The nose consists of Nose & nasal cavity
The only externally visible part of the respiratory system
Air enters the nose through the nostrils.
The interior of the nose consists of a nasal cavity divided midline by a nasal septum
Slide 13.3a

6. Anatomy of the Nasal Cavity
Olfactory receptors are located in the mucosa on the superior surface
The rest of the cavity is lined with respiratory mucosa
Warms air (BVs)
Moistens air
Traps incoming foreign particle
Slide 13.4a

7. Paranasal Sinuses Cavities within bones surrounding the nasal cavity
Frontal bone
Sphenoid bone
Ethmoid bone
Maxillary bone
Slide 13.5a
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

8. Paranasal Sinuses Function of the sinuses Air conditioning.
Reduction of skull weight.
Heat insulation .
Flotation of skull in water.
Increasing the olfactory area.
Vocal resonance and diminution of auditory feedback.

9. Pharynx (Throat) Muscular passage from nasal cavity to larynx
Entrance from nasal cavity to pharynx is at the internal nares
Three regions of the pharynx
superior region behind nasal cavity
middle region behind mouth
inferior region attached to larynx
The Oropharynx and Laryngopharynx are common passageways for air and food
Slide 13.6

10. Structures of the Pharynx

11. Larynx (Voice Box) Located in the anterior throat
The larynx surrounds and protects
the glottis.
Inspired air passes through the
glottis en route to the lungs.
The larynx is made of cartilages
The int.laryngeal muscles regulate
tension in the vocal folds and open
and close the glottis.

12. Trachea

13. Trachea Connects larynx with bronchi Lined with
Beat continuously in the opposite direction of incoming air
Expel mucus loaded with dust and other debris away from lungs
Walls are reinforced with C-shaped hyaline cartilage

14. Respiratory Tree Divisions
Primary bronchi
Secondary bronchi
Tertiary bronchi
Bronchioles
Terminal bronchioles
Slide 13.14
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

15. Bronchioles Smallest branches of the bronchi Figure 13.5a Slide 13.15a
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

16. Bronchioles All but the smallest branches have reinforcing cartilage
Figure 13.5a
Slide 13.15b
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

17. Bronchioles
Terminal bronchioles lead into structures that end in alveoli
Figure 13.5a
Slide 13.15c
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

18. Lungs Occupy most of the thoracic cavity
Apex is near the clavicle (superior portion)
base rests on the diaphragm (inferior portion)
Each lung is divided into lobes by fissures
Left lung – two lobes (U, L)
Right lung – three lobes (U, M, L)
Slide 13.12a

19. Coverings of the Lungs Pleura covers the lung surface
Pleural fluid fills the area between layers of pleura to allow gliding

20. Lungs
Figure 13.4b
Slide 13.12b
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

21. Conducting Zone Structures
Primary bronchi
Secondary bronchi
Tertiary bronchi
Conduits to and from respiratory zone, no gas exchange occurs
Slide 13.16
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

22. Respiratory Zone Structures Site of gas exchange
Respiratory bronchioles
Alveolar duct
Alveoli
Site of gas exchange
Slide 13.16
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

23. Alveoli Structure of alveoli
– between respiratory bronchioles and alveolar sac
– collection of alveoli with a common conduit
– single pocket
Gas exchange takes place within the alveoli in the
Slide 13.17
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

24. Respiratory Membrane (Air-Blood Barrier)
Thin squamous epithelial layer lining alveolar walls
Pulmonary capillaries cover external surfaces of alveoli
Slide 13.18a
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

25. Respiratory Membrane (Air-Blood Barrier)
Figure 13.6
Slide 13.18b
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

27. Glossary
bronchial tree - the system of airways within the lungs, which bring air from the trachea to the lung's tiny air sacs (alveoli).
cardiac notch - the indentation in the left lung that provides room for the heart.
diaphragm - a muscular membrane under the lungs.
larynx - a muscular structure at the top of the trachea, containing the vocal cords.
left inferior lobe - the bottom lobe of the lung on the left side of the body.
left superior lobe - the top lobe of the lung on the left side of the body.
right inferior lobe - the bottom lobe of the lung on the right side of the body.
right middle lobe - the middle lobe of the lung on the right side of the body.
right superior lobe - the top lobe of the lung on the right side of the body.
trachea (windpipe) - the tube through which air travels from the larynx to the lungs.