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Chapter 6 The New World Cortes and 500 men marched from Veracruz to Tenochtitlan – Moctezuma met him. Developed in relative isolation from technological advances elsewhere in world, for 2000 years. One technological advance was weapons – and the Amerindians lacked this while Europeans possessed it. TERMS: Indians, Amerindians, Indigenous
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I. First Americans II. Early Civilizations in Central America Olmec Mayan Aztec III. South American Chimor Incans IV. Stateless Societies in the New World V. Conclusion
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I. The First Americans Who were the first human beings in the Americas? European opinions on who they were Bering Strait Nomads Agriculture, 5000 B.C.E. Maize
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II. Early Civilizations in Central America
Olmecs Appeared about 1000 BC Location: lowlands South of Veracruz – Mexico – El Salvador Trade: Use of stone ornaments Religious ceremonies Hieroglyphics Classes Teotihuacán: America’s First Metropolis 8th Century – 6th century: decline, abandonment of city Collapsed around 4th century BC
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Mayan Appeared around 100 AD, blooms between 600- 900 AD
Location: Yucatan Peninsula, Guatemala, Honduras Primitive Agriculture City-states but not cities per se – religious or ceremonial complexes. King very powerful, theocratic 3 million population on the Yucatan peninsula Religion Inventions Ball game Mayan Hieroglyphics Mystery of Mayan Decline Decline about 9th – 10th centuries Collapsed 10th century New urban centers on Yucatan Migrations of the Toltecs (seized Chichen Itza) Final collapse
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Aztecs Overthrew Toltec 1350 Settled Confederation – feudal
Lake Texcoco Confederation – feudal By 16th century – empire covered whole of Central Mexico Agricultural Exploration Warriors Similarity to Mayan – sacrificial
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Classes: Politics and Society Nobility Commoners
Monarch: semi divine Classes: Nobility Commoners Calpulli -- kinship group Classes not rigidly stratified Gender roles: highly stratified Male children trained for war Women not equal to men
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Religion and Culture Religion Art and sculpture
Huitzilopochtli Quetzalcoatl Human sacrifice Art and sculpture Religious significance Writing based on hieroglyphs
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Destruction of Aztec Civilization
Hernán Cortés, 1519, invasion of Mexico Moctezuma held captive Cortés was aided by native groups hostile to the Aztecs, especially the Tlaxcallans Defeat of the Aztecs
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III. The First Civilizations in South America Chimor
1000 AD City built at Moche River By 15th century - earthquake
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Incans The Four Quarters: Inca Politics and Society Inca Culture
Pachakuti By mid 15th century – Incans ruled from Ecuador to Chile The Four Quarters: Inca Politics and Society Government structure Record keeping but lacked writing system Tahuantinsuyu Forced labor Highways and roads Inca Culture Built on war with an army of 200,000 men, conscripts quipu, knotted strings Government controlled, all aspects Conquest of the Inca Francisco Pizarro, 1532
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IV. Stateless Societies in the New World
Development of agriculture in the 3rd millennium B.C.E. Mississippi River valley West of the Mississippi Anasazi Urban center at Chaco Canyon South America Arawak
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V. Conclusion Parallels New and Old Isolation Independent Warlike
Structure/architecture Religious / political Social / Communal
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