1. The Nonviolent Civil Rights Movement Overview Origins Main features Organizations Early Events Freedom Rides Events Aftermath In what ways did the early movement succeed and fail? Could the violent movements of the late 1960s-early 1970s be avoided?

2. Civil Rights > March on Washington Movement Flyer, ca. 1941 and a photograph of March on Washington, 1963

3. Civil Rights > Features of the early Civil Rigths movement Nonviolent Integrated Focused on the South Focused on legal rights rather than poverty issues Important groups: students, African-American Church, grassroots movement

4. Civil Rights > Organizations SCLC - Southern Christian Leadership Conference CORE - Congress on Racial Equality SNCC - Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee

5. Civil Rights > Events 1954 Brown v. Board of Education 1955 Rosa Parks and Montgomery Bus Boycott 1960 Greensboro sit-ins 1961 Freedom Rides 1963 Birmingham protests 1964 Freedom Summer 1965 Selma marches - the last great integrated Civil Rights event

6. Civil Rights > Thurgood Marshall, who won the “whites-only” Democratic primaries case in 1944 and Brown v. Board of Education in 1954

7. Civil Rights > ML King speech in Montgomery, Alabama December 5, 1955 Just the other day, just last Thursday to be exact, one of the finest citizens in Montgomery (Amen)--not one of the finest Negro citizens (That's right) but one of the finest citizens in Montgomery--was taken from a bus (Yes) and carried to jail and arrested (Yes) because she refused to get up to give her seat to a white person. (Yes, That's right) Now the press would have us believe that she refused to leave a reserved section for Negroes, (Yes) but I want you to know this evening that there is no reserved section. (All right) The law has never been clarified at that point. (Hell no) Now I think I speak with, with legal authority--not that I have any legal authority, but I think I speak with legal authority behind me (All right)--that the law, the ordinance, the city ordinance has never been totally clarified. (That's right) … We are here, we are here this evening because we're tired now. (Yes) [Applause] And I want to say, that we are not here advocating violence. (No) We have never done that. (Repeat that, Repeat that) [Applause] I want it to be known throughout Montgomery and throughout this nation (Well) that we are Christian people. (Yes) [Applause] We believe in the Christian religion. We believe in the teachings of Jesus. (Well) The only weapon that we have in our hands this evening is the weapon of protest. (Yes) [Applause] That's all.

8. Civil Rights > School Segregation protest

9. Civil Rights > Little Rock, Ark., 1957

10. Civil Rights > Norman Rockwell painting of Ruby Bridges, New Orleans, 1964

11. Civil Rights > Martin Luther King speaking at the March on Washington, August 28, 1963

12. Civil Rights > Birmingham, Alabama, 1963

15. Civil Rights > Freedom Summer, 1964

16. Civil Rights > Selma march, 1965