1. Developmental Psychology - Early Social Development Attachment Explanations of attachment, including learning theory, and evolutionary perspective, including Bowlby Types of attachment, including insecure and secure attachment and studies by Ainsworth Cultural variations in attachment Disruption of attachment, failure to form attachment (privation) and the effects of institutionalisation Attachment in everyday life The impact of different forms of day care on children’s social development, including the effects on aggression and peer relations Implications of research into attachment and day care for child care practices

2. The impact of different forms of day-care on children’s social development LO: To describe what constitutes as good day-care To discuss the implications of research for day-care practices

3. Day care refers to care for children under school age, generally at a day nursery or by a childminder It does NOT refer to full time (i.e. 24-hour-a-day) care

4. In the UK, many nurseries provide for a large number of children – it’s the ratio of staff:children that sets the limit (see next slides) Children are divided into smaller groups according to their age Day nurseries are inspected regularly They have to employ qualified staff http://www.redcar- cleveland.gov.uk/family.nsf/FAQWeb?ReadForm?p=2C565DD50DD0F B4F3F A website you could visit to find out more about day care:

5. There should be 1 member of staff for every 8 children aged 3 to 5 :

6. There should be 1 member of staff for every 4 children aged 2 to 3 :

7. There should be 1 member of staff for every 3 children aged under 2 :

8. A childminder cares for a maximum of 6 children, with no more than 3 of these being under age 3 years. The childminder’s own children count as part of this figure They usually look after children in a home environment They must be registered and inspected by Ofsted Not all childminders are qualified in childcare

9. A childminder’s website…. http://www.impsandangels.co.uk/Imps%20and%20Angels/About%20Me.htm More Council advice…. http://www.merthyr.gov.uk/Home/Learning/Early+Years+and+Child care/Family+Information+Service/Registered+Childminders.htm http://www.telegraph.co.uk/family/5011764/Childminder-numbers-fall-dramatically-after-Labour-introduces-nappy-curriculum.html Some websites you could visit to find out more about childminders: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/family/4315798/The-pros-and-cons-of-childminders-and-nannies.html Council advice…. http://www.childreninwalsall.co.uk/Lookingforchildcare/Childminders Childminders in the news:

10. It depends partly on the age of the child Has he formed an attachment bond with his main caregiver yet? -If he hasn’t, how will being separated from his caregiver affect him? -What would Bowlby say about day care? It also depends on the type of existing attachment bond If he has already made an attachment, is it a secure one, or is it insecure? -What difference could the type of attachment bond make, for things like willingness to explore, reaction to the caregiver leaving, contact with strangers? -How about the child’s internal working model for relationships ? It also depends on the quality of day care Some factors are mentioned in the next few slides. It could also depend on the child’s temperament Is the child easy-going, or shy? What might Kagan say about the effect of temperament on the child’s development? How can all these factors be dealt with in a day care setting?

11. The quality of the day care itself also affects its impact on a child’s development Children have individual differences which will contribute towards the impact of day care. Carers in a nursery, and childminders, should be aware of each individual child’s needs, and should be able to respond to those needs. The quality of the day care compared with the home environment can also be important – it could be better than home, or worse

12. 1. The ratio of staff to children should be low, i.e. 1:2 is better than 1:6 Why?

13. 2. Staff turnover should be low, i.e. the longer staff work at the nursery, the better Why? What are the ‘up’ and ‘down’ sides of a nursery using supply staff?

14. 3. Physical provisions should be good, i.e. clean and tidy, warm and light, plenty of stimulating toys and activities Why?

15. 4. Staff should be well trained, in caring for the children, and interacting in an appropriate way with the children Why?

16. Daisy! 6 months old both parents work full time Ben! 12 months old Mom gave up work for a year to stay with Ben She is just going back to work Bianca! 2 years old Quite shy Has been looked after since birth by neighbours and relatives while Mom works part time Rory! 4 years old Is nervous and easily upset Mom was ill in hospital for two months when Rory was 3 years old What features of day care are important for each of these children, who are just starting day care?

17. What does ‘outline’ mean? Outline two characteristics of good quality day care. (2 marks + 2 marks) HOMEWORK: Explain how day-care practices have been influenced by research into attachment (12 marks)