1. GRAMMAR BOOK POR HELI MUMMERT

2. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.Subjunctive with Adjective Clause 2.Tú Commands 3.Nosotros Commands 4.Past Participles Used As Adjectives 5.Present Perfect 6.Past Perfect 7.Future Tense 8.Conditional Tense 9.Past Subjunctive

3. SUBJUNCTIVE WITH ADJECTIVE CLAUSE Adjective clauses modify nouns or pronouns. The subjunctive can be used in adjective clauses to indicate that the existence of someone or something is uncertain or indefinite. The subjunctive is used in an adjective clause that refers to a person, place, thing, or idea that either does not exist or whose existence is uncertain or indefinite. - ¿Conoces un buen restaurante que esté cerca de mi casa? The indicative is used when the adjective clause refers to a person, place, thing, or idea that is clearly known, certain, or definite - Hay una casa que es muy grande y cómoda.

4. Affirmative Tú Commands Put in tú form and remove the – s - Hablar → Hablas → ¡Habla! Irregular Commands - Di, Haz, Ve, Pon, Sal, Se, Ten Ven Pronouns attach to the end of irregular affirmative commands - Levántate! Accents are added on: - Third from last: one pronoun - Fourth from last: two pronouns Negative Tú Commands Put in YO form, drop the –o, switch the vowel, and add an s - Hablar → Hablo → ¡No Hables! Irregular Commands - Pronouns go before the verb TÚ COMMANDS Tengas Vengas Digas/Des Vayas Sepas Hayas/Hagas Estes Seas

5. NOSOTROS COMMANDS When using nosotros commands, you simply replace the vowel of the indicative word - EX: Hablar  Hablemos However, when you are conjugating a reflexive verb into a nosotros command, it becomes a “mono” verb - EX: Levantarse  Levantémonos rather than Levantémosnos Stem changers do NOT change because they are in nosotros form, except for dormir Affirmative nosotros commands add pronouns to the end of the word and accents are places on the vowel that is changed - EX: Ducharse  Duchémonos  Duchémonoslo Negative nosotros commands place pronouns before the comand - EX: No ducharse  No nos duchemos Irse is an irregular verb and goes to vamonos in the affirmative and no nos vayamos in the negative

6. PAST PARTICIPLES USE AS ADJECTIVES The past participles of English verbs often end in –ed – To turn  turned In Spanish, regular –ar verbs form the past participle –ado and regular –er and –ir verbs form the past particple with –ido - EX: Enojar  Enojado - EX: Conducir  Conducido The past participles of –er and –ir verbs that stems end in –a, -e, or –o carry a written accent mark on the –i of –ido - EX: Caer  Caído - EX: Leer  Leído Irregular Past Participles Abrir  Abierto Cubrir  Cubierto Decir  Dicho Hacer  Hecho Escribir  Escrito Describir  Descrito Morir  Muerto Poner  Puesto Resolver  Resuelto Romper  Roto Ver  Visto Volver  Vuelto

7. PRESENT PERFECT Haber Conjugation Yo - He Nosotro s - Hemos Tú - Has Ellos - Han Él - Ha Present perfect tense is used to describe the recent past In English, it refers to something you have done When forming present perfect, you use the auxillary verb haber to help the infinitive verb The infinitve verb is replace with the past participle as an adjective - EX: I have driven to Monte Carlo  He manejado a Monte Carlo The auxiliary verb and the past participle are married and NOTHING goes in between the verbs Pronouns and other words go before haber

8. Past perfect refers to something you had done in the past It is formed the same way as present perfect but one exception The haber auxiliary verb is conjugated into the imperfect tense - EX: Pens é que ya se hab í an ido The past perfect is often used with the word ya (already) - EX: Ella ya hab í a empezado cuando llamaron PAST PERFECT Haber Conjugation Yo – Hab ía Nosotros - Hab ía mos Tú – Hab ía s Ellos - Hab ía n Él - Hab ía

9. FUTURE TENSE The future tense is often associated with plans, predictions, or events that are less certain Infinitive + ending = future -- Ex. To say I will eat in the morning, you would say Comeré en la mañana. The future of hay is habrá Endings used for all verbs including –ar, -er, and –ir Irregular Future Tense InfinitiveFuture Stem DecirDir- HacerHar- PonerPondr- SalirSaldr- TenerTendr- ValerVald- VenirVendr- PoderPodr- QuererQuerr- SaberSabr- Add - é - á s - á - emos - á n Ends

10. The conditional tense expresses what you would do or what would happen under certain circumstances The conditional endings are the same for all –ar, -er, and –ir verbs Conditionals are formed by combining the infinitive form of the verb with the correct ending Conditionals have the same irregulars as future tenses EX: Nadaría más ríos. Conditional Endings -ía -íamos -ías -ía-ían CONDITIONAL TENSE

11. Also called the imperfect subjunctive For all verbs, the past subjunctive is formed with the ellos/ellas form of the preterite Drop the –ron ending and add on the specific past subjunctive ending Irregular preterite tenses like snake and snakey verbs keep their irregularity with past subjunctive Past Subjunctive -ra -ramos -ras -ran -ra PAST SUBJUNCTIVE Hablar Leer Dormir Hablaron Leyeron Durmieron Habla- Leye- Durmie- Hablara Leyera Durmiera *Quisiera is often used to make polite requests