1. PARTS OF SPEECH

2. PARTS OF SPEECH OPEN CLOSED NOUNS VERBS ADJECTIVES ADVERBS
PREPOSITIONS
CONJUNCTIONS
DETERMINERS
AUXILIARIES

3. A NOUN a word which names a person, place or thing
proper nouns and common nouns 

4. Most nouns are common nouns and do not begin with a capital letter
Most nouns are common nouns and do not begin with a capital letter. Proper nouns are nouns which begin with a capital letter because it is the name of a specific or particular person place or thing.
If you see a word beginning with a capital letter in in the middle of a sentence, it is probably a proper noun. 
Mexico
John F. Kennedy
Atlantic Ocean
February
Monday
New York City
Susan
Maple Street
Burger King

5. Many nouns have a special plural form if there is more than one.
For example,
we say one book but two books.  Plurals are usually formed by adding an -s (books) or -es (boxes)
some plurals are formed in different ways
(child - children, person - people, mouse - mice, sheep - sheep)

6. A VERB a word which shows action or state of being
every sentence must have a verb

7. The dog bit the man.
bit is the verb and the word which shows the action of the sentence. 

8. The man is sitting on a chair.
even though the action doesn't show much activity, sitting is the verb of the sentence.

9. She is a smart girl.
there is no action but a state of being expressed by the verb is.
the word be is different from other verbs in many ways but can still be thought of as a verb.

10. Verb ‘To Be’ Subject Present Past Perfect (past participle)
Progressive
(present participle) I am
was
have been
am being We
are
were
are being
You
They He is
has been
is being
She It

11. verbs change their form
Sometimes endings are added
learn - learned
sometimes the word itself becomes different
teach-taught
The different forms of verbs show different meanings related to such things as :
tense (past, present, future)
person (first person, second person, third person)
number (singular, plural)
voice (active, passive)

12. An Adjective
modifies a noun or a pronoun by describing, identifying, or quantifying words.
An adjective usually precedes the noun or the pronoun which it modifies.

13. The truck-shaped balloon floated over the treetops.
Mrs. Morrison papered her kitchen walls with hideous wall paper.
The small boat foundered on the wine dark sea.
The coal mines are dark and dank.
Many stores have already begun to play irritating Christmas music.
A battered music box sat on the mahogany sideboard.
The back room was filled with large, yellow rain boots.

14. ADJECTIVES

15. An Adverb
can modify a verb, an adjective, another adverb, a phrase, or a clause.
An adverb indicates manner, time, place, cause, or degree and answers questions such as "how," "when," "where," "how much".
Unlike an adjective, an adverb can be found in various places within the sentence.

16. The seamstress quickly made the mourning clothes.
In this sentence, the adverb "quickly" modifies the verb "made" and indicates in what manner (or how fast) the clothing was constructed.

17. The midwives waited patiently through a long labour.
Similarly in this sentence, the adverb "patiently" modifies the verb "waited" and describes the manner in which the midwives waited.

18. The boldly spoken words would return to haunt the rebel.
In this sentence the adverb "boldly" modifies the adjective "spoken."