1. Anatomy and Physiology 2211K Lecture Four

2. Slide 2 –Upper and lower respiratory tract

3. Slide 3 - Nose

4. Slide 4 – Nasal septum

5. Slide 5 – Perpendicular plate and the vomer bone

6. Slide 6 – Nasal bone

7. Slide 7 – Frontal process of the maxillae

8. Slide 8 – Cartilages and adipose tissue of the nose

9. Slide 9 – deviated septum

10. Slide 10 – digging for gold

11. Slide 11 – Nasal polyps

12. Slide 12 - Septoplasty

13. Slide 13 – Striated muscles of the nose

14. Slide 14 - Vestibule

15. Slide 15 – Hard and soft palate

16. Slide 16 – Striated muscles of the soft palate

17. Slide 17 – Nasal concha

18. Slide 18 – Nasal concha and cavity

19. Slide 19 – Superior, middle and inferior meatus

20. Slide 20 – Paranasal sinus

21. Slide 21 - Ostiomeatal complex

22. Slide 22 – Sphenoethmoidal recess

23. Slide 23 – Nasal mucosa (pseudostratified ciliated epithelium)

24. Slide 24 – Pharynx

25. Slide 25 - Larynx

26. Slide 26 – Vocal cords

27. Slide 27 – Muscles of voice - lateral view Thyroarytenoid muscle Lateral cricoarytenoid Posterior cricoarytenoid Cricothyroid

28. Slide 28 – Muscles of the larynx – caudal view Posterior cricoarytenoid Transverse arytenoid Lateral cricoarytenoid Thyroarytenoid muscle Hyoid bone

29. Slide 29 - Phonation Phonation is defined as the vibration or sounds produced when air moved pass the vocal folds during exhalation The length of the vocal cords can be changed by relaxing or contracting the surrounding skeletal muscles High pitch voices are caused by the closing of the glottis whereby caused by the contraction of the muscles of the larynx The smaller the diameter of the glottis the higher the resonant frequency (vibration caused by expelling air from the lungs) and thereby the higher the pitch Lower pitch voice is caused by opening the glottis which is caused by the relaxation of the muscle of the larynx The larger the diameter of the glottis the lower the resonant frequency (vibration caused by expelling air from the lungs) and thereby the lower the pitch Phonation is defined as the vibration or sounds produced when air moved pass the vocal folds during exhalation The length of the vocal cords can be changed by relaxing or contracting the surrounding skeletal muscles High pitch voices are caused by the closing of the glottis whereby caused by the contraction of the muscles of the larynx The smaller the diameter of the glottis the higher the resonant frequency (vibration caused by expelling air from the lungs) and thereby the higher the pitch Lower pitch voice is caused by opening the glottis which is caused by the relaxation of the muscle of the larynx The larger the diameter of the glottis the lower the resonant frequency (vibration caused by expelling air from the lungs) and thereby the lower the pitch

30. Slide 30 - Trachea

31. Slide 31 – Trachea and the bronchi

32. Slide 32 – Conducting and respiratory zone

33. Slide 33 - Asthma

34. Slide 34 – Respiratory zone

35. Slide 35 – Surfactant and alveolus

36. Slide 36 – Alveolus and gas exchange

37. Slide 37 – gas exchange

38. Slide 38 – Hilum of the lungs

39. Slide 39 – Bronchopulmonary segments

40. Slide 40 – Muscles of inspiration and expiration

41. Slide 41 – Ventilation - Inspiration

42. Slide 42 – Ventilation - Expiration

43. Slide 41 – Pleura of the lungs

44. Slide 44 – Pulmonary circulation

45. Slide 45 – Lymph vessels of the lungs

46. Slide 46 – Carcinogen - Aflatoxin

47. Slide 47 – Carcinogen - Benzene

48. Slide 48 – EDB and Formaldehyde

49. Slide 49 – Hepatitis B

50. Slide 50 – Lung cancer

51. Slide 51 – Adenocarcinoma

52. Slide 52 – Large cell carcinoma

53. Slide 53 – Oat cell carcinoma

54. Slide 54 - spirometry Tidal volume – the volume of air inspired or expired during normal expiration and inspirationTidal volume – the volume of air inspired or expired during normal expiration and inspiration Inspiratory reserve volume – after normal inspiration has occurred, the remaining air that could still be forcefully inspiredInspiratory reserve volume – after normal inspiration has occurred, the remaining air that could still be forcefully inspired Expiratory reserve volume - after normal expiration has occurred, the remaining air that could still be forcefully expiredExpiratory reserve volume - after normal expiration has occurred, the remaining air that could still be forcefully expired Residual volume – the volume of air still remains in the lungs after the most forceful expirationResidual volume – the volume of air still remains in the lungs after the most forceful expiration

55. Slide 55 – pulmonary capacity Inspiratory capacity – tidal volume plus the inspratory reserve volume – the total amount of air that a person can inspire after normal expiration.Inspiratory capacity – tidal volume plus the inspratory reserve volume – the total amount of air that a person can inspire after normal expiration. Functional residual capacity – expiratory reserve volume plus the residual volume – the amount of air remain in the lungs after normal expirationFunctional residual capacity – expiratory reserve volume plus the residual volume – the amount of air remain in the lungs after normal expiration Vital capacity – inspiratory reserve volume plus residual volume plus expiratory reserve volume – max volume of air that a person can expel from the respiratory tract after maximum inspirationVital capacity – inspiratory reserve volume plus residual volume plus expiratory reserve volume – max volume of air that a person can expel from the respiratory tract after maximum inspiration Total lung capacity – inspiratory reserve volume plus expiratory reserve volume plus the tidal volume and residual volume.Total lung capacity – inspiratory reserve volume plus expiratory reserve volume plus the tidal volume and residual volume.

56. Slide 51 – Respiratory centers in the brain stem

57. Slide 57 – Regulation of gas exchange

58. Slide 58 – Respiratory controls Arterial CO 2 levels Arterial O 2 levels Central Chemo- receptors Peripheral Chemo- receptors Inspiratory neurons Muscles of inspiration Decrease In Lung volume Hering- Breuer reflex Expiratory neurons Increase In Lung volume Muscles of expiration Off switch Pneumotaxic center