1. Root Words, Prefixes, and Suffixes

2. The Word Words are broken into parts
Prefixes are at the beginning of words
Suffixes are at the end of words
A root is a set of letters that have meaning. It is the most basic form
A root can be at the front, middle or end of a word.
The Word

3. Combining syllables Word Meaning Form To Shape Port To Carry Rupt
To Break or Burst
Prefix
Re (Again)
Re-Form means to shape again
De (Out)
De-Port means to carry out
Inter (in the middle)
Inter-rupt means to break in the middle
Combining syllables

4. Sentence Structure and development

5. One way to begin studying basic sentence structures is to consider the traditional parts of speech (also called word classes): nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections
the parts of speech come in many varieties and may show up just about anywhere in a sentence.
To know for sure what part of speech a word is, we have to look not only at the word itself but also at its meaning, position, and use in a sentence.
The Parts of Speech

6. What is it?
Explanation
The basic parts of a sentence are the subject, the verb, and (often, but not always) the object. This is the noun or pronoun that comes after the preposition
The subject is usually a noun--a word that names a person, place, or thing. The verb (or predicate) usually follows the subject and identifies an action or a state of being. An object receives the action and usually follows the verb.
Parts of a sentence

7. Verbs
By Mrs. Caro

8. VERBS A verb shows action. There’s no doubt!
It tells what the subject does,
Like sing and shout!
Action verbs are fun to do!
Now it’s time to name a few!
So clap your hands and join our rhyme!
Say those verbs in record time!
Wiggle, Jiggle, Turn around
Raise your arms and stomp the ground!
Shake your finger and wink your eye!
Wave those action verbs GOODBYE!

9. An action verb that describes an action that is happening now is called a present tense verb.
The bird flies through the sky.
Flies is a present tense verb because it is happening right now.
Present verbs

10. These are Action Verbs:
clap
coughed
swallowed
awake
sang
ride
ran

11. Many present tense verbs end with s, but some end with es, or ies.
cries
sleeps
Present tense verbs
splashes

12. Verbs which tell about actions which happened some time ago are past tense verbs.
The dog wanted a bone.
Wanted is a past tense verb because the action has already happened.
Past Verbs

13. Many past tense verbs end with ed, but some end with d, or ied.
tried
clapped
Past tense verbs
played

14. Verbs which tell about actions which are going to happen are future tense verbs.
We will awaken at six a.m.
Will awaken is a future tense verb because the action has not yet happened.
Future Verbs

15. Future tense verbs use special words to talk about things that will happen: will, going to, shall, aim to, etc.
going to start
will enjoy
Future tense verbs
shall

16. Helping Verbs Elmer was using the computer.
A helping verb works with a main verb to help you understand what action is taking place.
Elmer was using the computer.
Helping Verbs

17. 23 Helping Verbs may might must be being been am are is was were
(main)
do does did
should could would
have had has
will can shall
23 Helping Verbs

18. Helping Verbs Other things to keep in mind:
Not every sentence will have a helping verb with the main verb.
When you see an "ing" verb such as "running", be on the lookout for a helping verb also.
Helping Verbs

19. Sometimes there is another word which separates the helping verb from the main verb. One common example is "not", as in: The boy couldn't find his socks. The helping verb is could and the main verb is find.
Helping Verbs

20. The verb is barked, it’s what the dog is doing.
Locate the subject
Then ask yourself, “What is it doing?”
The dog barked.
Who?
dog
“What did the dog do?”
To find the verb:
barked
The verb is barked, it’s what the dog is doing.

21. The verb is roared, it’s what the lion is doing.
Let’s Practice:
The big lion roared loudly.
Who?
Lion
“What did the lion do?”
roared
The verb is roared, it’s what the lion is doing.

22. The verb is shines, it’s what the lighthouse does.
Let’s Practice:
The lighthouse shines brightly.
What?
lighthouse
“What does the lighthouse do?”
shines
The verb is shines, it’s what the lighthouse does.

23. The verb is waves, it’s what the snowman is doing.
Let’s Practice:
The snowman waves his hat to us.
Who?
Snowman
“What did the snowman do?”
waves
The verb is waves, it’s what the snowman is doing.

24. The verb is takes, it’s what Alexander is doing.
Let’s Practice:
Alexander takes his bath.
Who?
Alexander
“What does Alexander do?”
takes
The verb is takes, it’s what Alexander is doing.

25. The verb is dances, it’s what Sally is doing.
Let’s Practice:
Sally dances in the recital.
Who?
Sally
“What does Sally do?”
dances
The verb is dances, it’s what Sally is doing.

26. The verb is arrives, it’s what Mrs. Smith does.
Let’s Practice:
Mrs. Smith arrives late.
Who?
Mrs. Smith
“What did Mrs. Smith do?”
arrives
The verb is arrives, it’s what Mrs. Smith does.

27. The verb is shine, it’s what the stars are doing.
Let’s Practice:
Stars shine brightly at night.
What?
stars
“What did the stars do?”
shine
The verb is shine, it’s what the stars are doing.

28. The verb is flies, it’s what time is doing.
Let’s Practice:
Time flies when you’re having fun.
What?
time
“What does time do?”
flies
The verb is flies, it’s what time is doing.

29. The verb is plays, it’s what Tommy does.
Let’s Practice:
Tommy plays baseball every year.
Who?
Tommy
“What does Tommy do?”
plays
The verb is plays, it’s what Tommy does.

30. The verb is beats, it’s what Jacob is doing.
Let’s Practice:
Jacob beats on his drum all day.
Who?
Jacob
“What does Jacob do?”
beats
The verb is beats, it’s what Jacob is doing.

31. The verb is buzzes, it’s what the bee is doing.
Let’s Practice:
The bumble bee buzzes near the flower.
What?
bee
“What does the bee do?”
buzzes
The verb is buzzes, it’s what the bee is doing.

32. Four Basic Sentence Structures
*A simple sentence is a sentence with just one independent clause (also called a main clause)  *A compound sentence contains at least two independent clauses * A complex sentence contains an independent clause and at least one dependent clause: *A compound-complex sentence contains two or more independent clauses and at least one dependent clause: 
Four Basic Sentence Structures

33. Let’s Practice: Read Mr. Fox

34. A common way to connect related words, phrases, and even entire clauses is to coordinate them--that is, connect them with a basic coordinating conjunction such as "and" or "but."
Coordination

35. Independent clauses can be connected in a variety of ways:
1. By a comma and little conjunction (and, but, or, nor, for, yet, and sometimes so).
2. By a semicolon, by itself.
3. By a semicolon accompanied by a conjunctive adverb (such as however, moreover, nevertheless, as a result, consequently, etc.).
4. And, of course, independent clauses are often not connected by punctuation at all but are separated by a period.
Combining sentences

36. Adjective Clauses My brother’s car Which he bought two years ago
To show that one idea in a sentence is more important than another, we rely on subordination--that is, treating one word group as less important.
Which he bought two years ago
Has already needed repairs
My brother’s car
Comma
Comma
Always put a comma before the word WHICH. The adjective clause develops, but is not required.
Never put a comma before the word THAT-this indicates the information is NEEDED

37. Subordinate Conjunctions
since
so [that implied], so that
than
that
though
unless
when, whenever
where, wherever, whereas
whether
while
after
although as
because
before
even though
if, even if
in order that
once
provided that
Subordinate Conjunctions

38. The second clause has less emphasis because its thought is incomplete.
Use a comma if you subordinate the first of the two clauses.
Even though cat hair clung to Shelly’s pant legs during her interview, she still got the job.
The second clause has less emphasis because its thought is incomplete.
Combining sentences

39. An appositive is a word or group of words that identifies or renames another word in a sentence--most often a noun that immediately precedes it. 
Appositive constructions offer concise ways of describing or defining a person, place, or thing.
ALWAYS put a COMMA around the phrase. Shelly , WHO IS A NURSE, likes cats
Appositives Phrases

40. Like an adjective clause, an adverb clause is always dependent on (or subordinate to) an independent clause
an adverb clause usually modifies a verb, though it can also modify an adjective, an adverb, or even the rest of the sentence in which it appears. 
Here is the description of the table. You may change or delete this text as you wish. This table is compatible with PowerPoint 97 to 2007.
Adverb Clauses

41. Punctuation

42. Semi-Colon Use a semicolon only if the clauses are closely related.
Use semicolons to join independent clauses
Use a semicolon only if the clauses are closely related.
Examples:
Happiness isn't something you experience; it's something you remember.
We lavish on animals the love we are afraid to show to people. They might not return it; or worse, they might.
Semi-Colon

43. Use semicolons with conjunctive adverbs or introductory expressions
When I eat alone, I leave a mess; however, what’s worse is when everyone laughs at me.
The movie was awesome; in fact, it was so funny I cried
Semi-Colon’s

44. A colon means "that is to say" or "here's what I mean
A colon means "that is to say" or "here's what I mean." Colons and semicolons should never be used interchangeably.
 Use a colon to introduce a series of items. Do not capitalize the first item after the colon (unless it's a proper noun).
I need an assistant who can do the following: input data, write reports, and complete tax forms.
Avoid using a colon before a list when it directly follows a verb or preposition
Wrong: I've seen the greats, including: Barrymore, Guinness, and Streep.
Right: I've seen the greats, including Barrymore, Guinness, and Streep. .
Colons

45. Hyphens Hyphens' main purpose is to glue words together (-)
Hyphenate two or more words when they come before a noun they modify and act as a single idea. This is called a compound adjective.
an off-campus apartment
When writing out new, original, or unusual compound nouns, writers should hyphenate whenever doing so avoids confusion.
I changed my diet and became a no-meater.
Hyphens

46. Hyphens Hyphens' main purpose is to glue words together (-)
An often overlooked rule for hyphens: The adverb very and adverbs ending in -ly are not hyphenated.
Incorrect: the finely-tuned watch (describes adjective)
Correct: Correct: the friendly-looking dog (describes verb)
Hyphenate all spelled-out fractions.
more than two-thirds of registered voters
Hyphens

47. Hyphens Hyphens are often used to tell the ages of people and things.
We have a two-year-old child
Hyphenate prefixes when they come before proper nouns or proper adjectives
Trans-American flight
Mid-June is when the party is
 Hyphenate all words beginning with the prefixes self-, ex- (i.e., former), and all-.
Suffixes are not usually hyphenated. Some exceptions: -style, -elect, -free, -based.
Hyphens

48. Sometimes you have some information which needs to be added to a sentence, and that little bit of information is EXTEMELY important and you’ll want the reader to pay attention to that information
You are the friend—my only friend—who offered to help me.
 indicate added emphasis, an interruption, or an abrupt change of thought
I wish you would—oh, never mind.
DASHES

49. Writing clear, concise sentences

50. Active Voice

51. Verbs Shows action or state of being Active or passive
Connects subject and predicate
Most important word in the sentence
Examples:
Pour, laugh (Active)
Am, is, are, was, were, will be, have been, will have been (Passive)

52. Active voice is when you are focusing on the person who is doing an action
The ninja attacked the adorable baby.
Passive voice is when you’re focusing on the thing that was done.
The adorable baby was attacked by the ninja.
Active vs. Passive

53. Active vs. Passive
In active voice, the subject of the sentence is present BEFORE the verb.
John picked up the bag
In passive voice, the subject is usually not present. If it is, it is at the end of a prepositional phrase.
The bag was picked up by John

54. Why avoid them? Can be more confusing
Usually needs helping verbs (am/were/etc.), prepositions like “by” or “of
If there is a helping verb, to determine if it is passive, look at the end of the verb phrase
If it ends in past tense or participle, it is passive voice
She is going home.
She was unhappy with her brother.
Can be more confusing
My car was driven to Dallas. (By who? Some car thief?)
Five FBI agents entered the room, and the terrorist was plastered against the wall. (Was he there already and they found him? Did the agents put him there?)
Why avoid them?

55. Adjectives and Adverbs
Prepositional Phrases
Like adjectives and adverbs, prepositional phrases add meaning to the nouns and verbs in sentences. A prepositional phrase has two basic parts: a preposition plus a noun or a pronoun that serves as the object of the preposition.
A common way of expanding the basic sentence is with modifiers--words that add to the meanings of other words. The simplest modifiers are adjectives and adverbs. Adjectives modify nouns, while adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs.
Phrases

56. Omit the filler phrases "it is," "there is," and "there are" at the beginning of sentences; these often delay the sentence's true subject and verb
It is expensive to upgrade computer systems
Upgrading computer systems is expensive
Omit "this" from the beginning of a sentence by joining it to the preceding sentence with a comma
Chlorofluorocarbons have been banned from aerosols. This has lessened the ozone layer's depletion
Chlorofluorocarbons have been banned from aerosols, lessening the ozone layer's depletion
Wordiness

57. Wordiness continued Omit "which" or "that" altogether when possible.
Because the fluid, which was brown and poisonous, was dumped into the river, the company that was negligent had to shut down
Because the brown, poisonous fluid was dumped into t he river, the negligent company had to shut down.
Replace prepositional phrases with one-word modifiers when possible
The President of the Student Senate was in charge of the lobbying against the merger at the Minnesota Congress.
The Student Senate President oversaw lobbying the Minnesota Congress against the merger
Wordiness continued

58. Wordiness continued Avoid the overuse of qualifiers.
Use a colon after a statement preceding a sentence of explanation, and leave out the beginning of the next sentence
The theater has three main technical areas. These areas are costumes, scenery, and lighting
The theater has three main technical areas: costumes, scenery, and lighting.
Avoid the overuse of qualifiers.
`Qualified words can often be replaced by a single, more potent word
Sue is extremely angry” could be shortened to “Sue is furious”.
Wordiness continued

59. Picture Page Layout