2. Cohesion: Signposting and punctuation
References:
Bailey, S Academic Writing: A Handbook for International Students. Routledge: Oxon.
Swales, J. & Feak, C Academic Writing for Graduate Students. The University of Michigan Press: Ann Arbor.
Swan, M Practical English Usage. 2nd ed. Oxford University Press: Oxford
Websites: ’

3. We’ve been talking about flow…
Language of academic papers  vocabulary shift
Organizing information in a paper  paragraphs and sentences
Now, to establish a clear connection of ideas…
Use linking words and phrases as well as punctuation.

4. Part 1: Linking words and phrases
Can help maintain flow and establish clear relationships between ideas
Can be arranged according to their function and grammatical use.

5. Also called a ’discourse marker’
Discourse means ’pieces of language longer than a sentence’. Some words and expressions are used to show how discourse is constructed. They can show the connection between what a speaker is saying and what has already been said or what is going to be said; they can indicate what speakers think about what they are saying or what others have said. (Swan, 1995, p. 159)

6. More commonly called signposts because they show you the way…

7. EXPLANATIONS Subordinators: Sentence connectors: Phrase linkers:
introduce a dependent clause. It must be joined to an independent clause to complete the sentence and to give the full meaning.
introduce a complete sentence (independent clause).
introduce a noun phrase, usually at the beginning of a sentence (but not always).

8. EXAMPLE Independent clause: He was handy. Subordinator
Sentence Coordinator
Phrase linker
Because he was handy, he was always asked to come and repair something.
Therefore, he was always asked to come and repair something
Because of his handiness, he was always asked to come and repair something

9. What they are and what they do
Formal, academic style

10. Addition
Subordinators: introduce a dependent clause that must be joined to complete a sentence
Sentence connectors:
Introduce a complete sentence
Phrase linkers:
Introduce a noun phrase --
Furthermore,
In addition,
Moreover,
Also
Additionally,
Another thing to note is
What is more,
In addition to…
As well as…
Informal: So, Another thing is, In any case, Besides,…= not acceptable

11. Adversativity: opposition (emphatic contrast)
Subordinators: introduce a dependent clause that must be joined to complete a sentence
Sentence connectors:
Introduce a complete sentence
Phrase linkers:
Introduce a noun phrase
Although
Even though
However,
Nevertheless,
Nonetheless,
Despite
In spite of

12. Cause and effect
Subordinators: introduce a dependent clause that must be joined to complete a sentence
Sentence connectors:
Introduce a complete sentence
Phrase linkers:
Introduce a noun phrase
Because
Since
Insofar as
Therefore,
As a result,
Consequently,
Hence,
Thus**,
Because of
Due to
As a result of
Owing to
Informal: So, Then, … = unacceptable

13. Clarification
Subordinators: introduce a dependent clause that must be joined to complete a sentence
Sentence connectors:
Introduce a complete sentence
Phrase linkers:
Introduce a noun phrase --
In other words,
That is to say (i.e.)

14. Contrast: difference
Subordinators: introduce a dependent clause that must be joined to complete a sentence
Sentence connectors:
Introduce a complete sentence
Phrase linkers:
Introduce a noun phrase
While
Whereas
In contrast,
However,
On the other hand,
Conversely,
Meanwhile,
Unlike

15. Generalization Subordinators Sentence Connectors Phrase linkers
On the whole,
In general,
Broadly speaking,
To a great extent,
Overall,
Apart from,
Except for,
(exceptions to generalizations)

16. Illustration
Subordinators: introduce a dependent clause that must be joined to complete a sentence
Sentence connectors:
Introduce a complete sentence
Phrase linkers:
Introduce a noun phrase inside a sentence --
For example,
For instance,
especially
specifically
for example
for instance
such as

17. Intensification
Subordinators: introduce a dependent clause that must be joined to complete a sentence
Sentence connectors:
Introduce a complete sentence
Phrase linkers:
Introduce a noun phrase --
On the contrary
As a matter of fact,
In fact

18. Parallelism/Comparing
Subordinators: introduce a dependent clause that must be joined to complete a sentence
Sentence connectors:
Introduce a complete sentence
Phrase linkers:
Introduce a noun phrase
While
Simultaneously,
At the same time,
Similarly,
Likewise,
Meanwhile, --

19. Referring Subordinators Sentence Connectors Phrase linkers
As was previously mentioned,
As has been noted,
With reference to
Regarding
Concerning

20. Structuring Subordinators Sentence Connectors Phrase linkers
First, Second, Third…Finally,..
Firstly, Secondly, …
First, then, after that, next, Finally,
To begin with,
To start with,
To conclude,
To summerize,

21. Additional information
Using English for Academic Purposes (UEFAP) Rhetorical functions: Online Writing Lab (OWL) at Purdue University Writing transitions: Transitional devices: Academic Writing in English (AWE) website Signposts: Bailey, S. (2011) Academic Writing: A Handbook for International Students Part 2 (pgs )

22. Other linking words

23. This (these)+ summary word
ESL lecturers know that students need to understand the differences between formal and informal language. However, this understanding cannot usually be aquired quickly.
This = demonstrative pronoun
Refers to the previous phrase (givennew)

24. Other pronoun possibilities…
Basics – he, she, it, they, we
Posessive – his, her(s),its, their(s), our (not common in AW)
Objective – her, him, them, us (not common in AW)
Demonstrative – this, that, these, those
Other – the former, the latter, the aforementioned, the abovementioned,

25. Homework Reading textbook Chapters: 2.4: Comparisons
2.9: Problems and solutions
3.9: Punctuation

26. Part 2: Punctuation
Sentence connectors raise the important issue of punctuation
You have to learn the proper use of punctuation in English and in your field
We only deal with some punctuation, namely comma (,), semicolon (;), colon (:) and dash(-)

27. Semicolon
Joins two (completely independent) clauses/phrases that are related or connected to each other.
Works much like a full stop (period)
Air traffic delays due to high traffic volume have increased considerably over the last decade; these delays have become a major public policy issue.
Some argue that it’s stronger than comma and weaker than a period.
Can be used with sentence connectors
Increasing the size of airports is one solution to traffic congestion; however, this is a long-term solution whose benefits may not be seen for many years into the future.

28. Semicolon Can be used to separate rather long items in list :
Some of the solutions to the air traffic delay problem include increasing the size of airports that routinely experiece flight delays; overhauling the air traffic control system so that more flights can be safely handled; and increasing landing fees.
Is usually used if the information is grammatically complex.

29. Colon and Comma Weaker stops Comma (,) separates items in a list
Colon (:) introduces a list and explanations
The meeting was postponed: the Dean was ill.
Commas used with conjunctions (and, but, or) and subordinators (although, if, whereas)
There are four main causes of airport congestion: bad weather, excessive volume, runway closures, and equipment outages.

30. Dash Sometimes a dash is used to introduce a list
They are used to intrude additional information to a sentence, much like brackets ().
There are four main causes of airport congestion: bad weather – such as a snowstorm – may ground planes…
Mostly, though, a dash is more often used in informal texts.