1. Part 1: Prepositional Phrases- The Adjective & Adverb Phrase
Chapter 5: The Phrase
Part 1: Prepositional Phrases-
The Adjective & Adverb Phrase

2. What is a phrase?
A group of words that is missing a verb, a subject, or both
Examples:
in the kitchen (no subject or verb)
could have been hiding (no subject)
to go with them (no subject)

3. Practice…Are these phrases or not
when you know NP
in the garden
P (missing subject and verb)
is sleeping
P (missing subject)
how she remembered
smiling brightly
to the supermarket

4. Kinds of Phrases 1) Prepositional Phrase:
Begins with a preposition (remember your song…because now you really need it!!!)
Ends with a noun or pronoun

5. Example Prepositional Phrases
during the day
Preposition: during
Noun/pronoun: day
with us
Preposition: with
Noun/pronoun: us

6. Kinds of Phrases cont’d
1A) The Adjective Phrase
A prepositional phrase that describes a noun or pronoun
So, it begins with a preposition and ends with a noun, but it goes back to or is giving extra information about a noun or pronoun
Charles Dickens wrote many tales {about poverty}.
about poverty = the adjective phrase (begins with about, ends with poverty)
tales = the noun it is giving extra information about

7. Adjective Phrase cont’d
Answers the questions:
What kind?
How many?
Which one?
How much?
**TIP** Adjective phrases usually follow the word or words they describe

8. Adjective Phrase cont’d
You try…
Easy-----The store with the neon sign is open.
Harder----Here’s a gift for you from Mr. B.
Hardest-----A majority of the animals in the world sleep during the day.

9. Adjective Phrase Answers:
Easy-----The store {with the neon sign} is open.
with the neon sign = adjective phrase
store = noun it is describing (answers: which one?)
Harder----Here’s a gift {for you} {from Mr. B}.
for you = adjective phrase
from Mr. B = adjective phrase
gift = noun that BOTH phrases are describing (answers: which one?)
Hardest-----A majority {of the animals} {in the world} sleep during the day.
of the animals = adjective phrase
majority = noun it is describing (answers: how many?)
in the world = adjective phrase
animals = noun it is describing (part of the 1st adjective phrase) (answers: what kind?)

10. Kinds of Phrases cont’d
1B) The Adverb Phrase
A prepositional phrase that describes a verb, adjective, or adverb
So, it begins with a preposition and ends with a noun, but it goes back to or is giving extra information about a verb, adjective, or adverb
The Ford Motor Company was founded {by Henry Ford} {in 1903}.
by Henry Ford = adverb phrase
in 1903 = adverb phrase
was founded = verb they are giving extra info about

11. Adverb Phrase cont’d Answers the questions:
When?
Where?
How?
Why?
How often?
How long?
To what extent?
**TIP** like adverbs, adverb phrases can move around in the sentence. Adjective phrases usually only follow the word or words they describe.

12. Adverb Phrase cont’d You try…
Easy----We got our new puppy at the animal shelter.
Harder----She drove for hours through the storm.
Hardest----The boat landed on the island near the coast.

13. Adverb Phrase Answers
Easy----We got our new puppy {at the animal shelter}.
at the animal shelter = adverb phrase
got = verb it is describing (answers: where?)
Harder----She drove {for hours} {through the storm}.
for hours = adverb phrase
through the storm = adverb phrase
drove = verb that BOTH phrases are describing (answers: how long? and where?)
Hardest----The boat landed {on the island} {near the coast}.
on the island = adverb phrase
landed = verb it is describing (answers: where?)
near the coast = adjective phrase
island = noun it is describing (part of the adverb phrase) (answers: which one?)

14. Part II: Verbal Phrases- The Participle & Infinitive Phrases
Chapter 5: The Phrase
Part II: Verbal Phrases-
The Participle & Infinitive Phrases

15. What is a Participle?
A verb form that can be used as an adjective (describes a noun or pronoun)
1) Present Participle = ends in “ing”
2) Past Participle = ends in “d” or “ed”
Some past participles are irregular and do not have this ending
For example: frozen
I went ice skating on the frozen pond.
Frozen = past participle
Pond = noun it is describing

16. Practice: pg
Find the participles and nouns/pronouns they describe:
Annoyed, I went inside to watch TV.
Annoyed = past participle
I = pronoun it is describing
I woke my sleeping father to ask about mosquitoes.
Sleeping = present participle
Father = noun it is describing
Sucking blood for food, mosquitoes survive in many different cultures.
Sucking = present participle
Mosquitoes = noun it is describing
Bites make the skin swell, and the swollen skin itches.
Swollen = past participle
Skin = noun it is describing

17. Participle Phrase
Participle phrases are used as adjectives (describes a noun/pronoun)
Begins with a participle and contains all describing words
Examples:
Stretching slowly
Predicted by the meteorologist
Reading the assignment

18. Participle Phrases Tips:
Look for words that end in “ing” or are past tense
Ask: Who or What is that word talking about?
Check to make sure the who or what is a noun
**Many times, these phrases have commas after them!

19. You Try… Cheering for the team, we celebrated the victory.
Cheering for the team (uses present participle)
Shown here, his design for the newest fighter jet was the first one in history.
Shown here (uses past participle)
Have you ever heard of International Left-Hander’s Day, celebrated on August 13?
Celebrated on August 13 (uses past participle)

20. What is an infinitive?
A verb form that can be used as a noun, adjective, or adverb.
Most infinitives begin with the preposition “to”
**They are ALWAYS followed by a VERB**
Examples:
To remain
To meet
To dream

21. You Try… My first stop would be to visit the Statue of Liberty.
To visit = infinitive
France gave the statue to the U.S. in 1884.
None
It was a gift to express the friendship between the two nations.
To express = infinitive

22. Infinitive Phrases
An infinitive phrase begins with the infinitive (to + a verb) and contains all describing words & prepositional phrases
Examples:
To be a good gymnast
To fly over both the North and South Poles
To go to the gym now

23. You Try… A bird sings to claim its territory.
Human beings learned to build aircraft by carefully studying the way birds fly.
To build aircraft
To recognize the songs of different birds takes many hours of practice.
To recognize the songs of different birds
Birds use their feathers to push their bodies through the air.
To push their bodies through the air

24. Part III: Phrases
Appositive Phrases

25. What is an appositive?
It is a noun or pronoun placed beside another noun or pronoun to describe or give more information about it.
Most often, they are surrounded by commas.
Example:
My teacher, Mr. Craig, enjoys books by Jane Austen.
Mr. Craig = appositive
Teacher = noun it is describing

26. Appositive Phrase
A phrase that is giving more information about a noun or pronoun.
Examples:
Frankie, a goodhearted and intelligent girl, is a pleasure to teach.
Set off by commas & can be taken out
Trevor’s friend Mike sometimes gives Trevor poor advice.
Not set off by commas because Trevor has more than one friend, so Mike’s name is important in the sentence

27. You Try… My sister Alyssa is a hard worker.
Alyssa = appositive
Sister = noun it is describing
Chris, my next door neighbor, is a carpenter.
My next door neighbor = appositive phrase
Chris = noun it is describing
Will your cousin Tiffany visit you this summer?
Tiffany = appositive
Cousin = noun it is describing
Gino is playing with his favorite toy, the Thomas train set.
The Thomas the train set = appositive phrase
Toy = noun it is describing
Jackson Square, a landmark in New Orleans, has a statue of Andrew Jackson on it.
A landmark in New Orleans = appositive phrase
Jackson Square = noun it is describing