1. Asia-Tokyo-Yokohama, Osaka-Kobe-Kyoto Mega Cities:
Great Cities
Asia-Tokyo-Yokohama, Osaka-Kobe-Kyoto
Mega Cities:
UN says by 2025 at least 15 cities will be over 20 million
Many of the world’s most populous cities are found in the poorest nations-Mexico City, Shanghai, Calcutta, Mumbai & Cairo
Close are Bangkok, Indonesia; Lima-Callao, Peru; Saigon-Cholon, Vietnam
Mexico City, Sao Paulo and Shanghai will have over 30 million by 2025

2. Pull Factors
Pull factors often more imaginary that real-esp. in less developed areas.
1990s Africa had the fastest growing cities in the world-followed by South Asia, East Asia, South and Middle America.
Cities of North America, Southern South America, Australia grew more slowly
Western Europe’s cities grew very little if at all.
New York was the world’s largest city for many years-now overtaken by Tokyo-Mexico City will overtake Tokyo-by 2025 NYC will not be in top 10.

3. Urban Problems Zoning laws are lacking in many poor countries
Squatters occupy any open space on the outskirts of the city
Sharp contrast between fancy hotels of downtown and slums on outskirts
Cairo for example-paved streets give way to dusty alleys, tenements, traffic, garbage & 12.5 m. people bursting at the seams
Favela of Rio de Janeiro with dualism of peripheral metropolises-shanty town on hillside overlooks the luxury apartments near the famous Ipanema Beach

4. Many cities in developing nations are growing at a rapid rate with many new arrivals each day.
Unofficial suburbs such as this favela of Rio de Janeiro are poor and often lack basic services. (Disamenity sector)
Clinging to a hillside, this neighborhood often suffers fatal landslides during heavy rains.
Barail-a majority of the wealth is controlled by only 10% of the people.
About 25 million Brazilians live in slums

5. Rank-Size Rule The larger the city-the fewer there are-
Model indicates that the population of a city or town in inversely proportional (the fraction) to its rank in the hierarchy
If largest city is 12 million then 2nd largest is 6 m. (1/2) 3rd largest is 4 m. (2/3) 4th largest is 3 m. or (3/4) 10th largest is 1.2 million
Rank-Size Rule does
Not apply to primate
Cities such as Paris,
Mexico City and so
forth
Tokyo-Shinkuju District-Tokyo now has 28 m.& stretches 45 miles-the world’s largest urban center.
Note the fraction bottom number gets larger-hence the reverse proportion.
If time permits-Hand out Road Atlas and look at Iowa or another Great Plains state where the rank size rule holds true
Rank-Size Rule:
in a model urban hierarchy, the population of the city or town will be inversely proportional to its rank in the hierarchy. For example:
largest city = 12 million
2nd largest = 6 million
3rd largest = 4 million
4th largest = 3 million

6. Urban Function Every city or town has an economic base.
Basic sector-workers who produce goods for export or local consumption
Non Basic sector or Service sector-workers who maintain the city, work in offices and provide services for others
The number of Non basic sector workers is always greater than Basic sector workers-as cities increase in size the ratio increases
Most large cities have a ratio of 1 to 2
Multiplier Effect-if a business adds 50 manufacturing jobs-another 100 non-basic workers will be added to the work force
Multiplier Effect can also work in reverse-when Basic Sector jobs are lost-many more Non Basic sector jobs are lost as well

7. Functional Specialization
A dominant service or industry was found in many cities during the Industrial Revolution.
Chauncy Harris wrote “A Functional Classification of Cities in the United States” in 1943-in it he described the concentration of manufacturing cities in the Northeast with functional specialization and the wide diversity of western cities with no dominant function
e.g. Detroit-automobiles, Pittsburgh-steel
Las Vegas and Atlantic City gambling
Leadville, Colorado-mining
Vero Beach, Florida-resorts
Trend today is toward diversity-especially in the Rustbelt.

8. Central Place Theory
Central Places-hierarchy is based on population, function & services.
Economic reach-how functions & services attract customers from areas beyond the urban limits.
Centrality-the central position & ability to attract customers to a village, town or city.
Range of Sale-the distance people are willing to travel to buy goods or services
As transportation improvements made longer trips for services possible and practical, many small hamlets, villages and towns declined in North America for example.

9. Central Place Theory
Christaller tried to determine the degree of centrality of various places.
He created a model to show how central places in the urban hierarchy are spatially distributed.
He assumed:
No physical barriers
Soil and surface of equal quality
Even distribution of population
Uniform transportation system
Although no area on earth is isotropic (same in all directions) Christaller’s model has proven useful in planning new cities-in polder land in the Netherlands, Brazil’s Amazonia development

10. Hexagonal Hinterlands
Christaller’s urban model showed that each central place had a complementary hinterland.
The hexagonal model solves the overlap problem that circles would have.
Nesting arrangement-region within a region-each larger complementary region is centered on a higher order urban place
Black lines=hamlet hinterland
Red lines=village hinterland
Blue lines=town hinterland
Green lines=city hinterland
Christaller’s model confirmed that the general map pattern is not an accident, but the function of specific economic forces that create a regular rank-size pattern

11. Central Business District
Downtown-the core of the city with high-rise skyscrapers, heavy traffic, production, education, services etc.
The CBD is the urban area of commercial & industrial zones within a ring of residential areas.
Suburb-an outlying residential area of the urban region that is most pronounced in the US
Residential areas of Chicago in 1920 were used as basis for many studies and models of the city. Compare this pattern with the Concentric Zone and Sector Models
Because of the 1871 Fire-Chicago exhibited a more pronounced social patterning than existed in other large older cities
Chicago became segregated with rings of rising affluence.
Yet wealthy continue to monopolize the “Gold Coast and other parts of the city
Burgess accounted or this by stating the rich tended to monopolize hills, lakes, and shorelines
Zoning established parks and public areas along the Lake Michigan shore (Burnham Plan that prevented industrial development along the Lake

12. Bid Rent
The price paid to rent or purchase urban land is a reflection of its utility or usefulness.
Utility is a product of accessibility to customers & workers or for residents to jobs and amenities.
Poorest households occupy the more accessible locations near city centers in the US and the wealthiest live in the farthest suburbs-in most of the world it is the opposite-the wealthiest live near the city center and the poorest live in slums, favelas or barrios on the outskirts of the city.

13. Modeling the North American City
Concentric zone model (Ernest Burgess)
Sector model (Homer Hoyt)
Multiple Nuclei Model
(Chauncy Harris and Edward Ullman)

14. Classic Models of Urban Structure
Ernest Burgess-1925 Concentric Zone Model based on studies of Chicago.
CBD-financial, retail, theater, museums etc.
Transition to residential with deterioration-some light industry
Blue collar labor housing
Middle class residential
Suburban ring
Burgess was a University of Chicago professor of Sociology who studied the culture and urban structure of Chicago.
The dynamic inner ring grew and encroached on zones 2 &3
Zone 2 transition between CBD & residential with rooming houses, small apartments, tenements for low income, slums & skid row, some ethnic ghettos
Zone 3 Workingmen’s quarters-ethnic neighborhoods of blue collar immigrant workers who moved out of zone 2 in flats or single family dwellings
Zone 4 better middle class housing
Zone 5 commuter zone of higher income families in suburbs or furthest extent of trolley lines

15. Functional Zonation
The division of the city into certain regions (zones) for certain purposes (functions).
Cairo, Egypt
Central city (above)
Housing projects (right)

16. Classic Models of Urban Structure
Homer Hoyt-1939 Sector Model based on studies of 142 US cities.
Pie-shaped wedges created by Hoyt compensated for the drawbacks of the Ring Model
Low Rent areas & High Rent areas could extend to the outer edge
Transportation and industrial zones accounted for the sectors
Hoyt was an economist who studied housing date for 142 American cities and presented his Sector Model in 1939

17. Subsidiary and competing CBDs developed (Edge Cities)
Chauncy Harris & Edward Ullman Multiple Nuclei Sector Model 1945 showed that CBD is not the sole force in creating land-use patterns.
They said that Concentric Rings & Pie-shaped models had drawbacks as CBDs were losing dominance
Subsidiary and competing CBDs developed (Edge Cities)
Suburbanization accelerated the change with shopping malls and mass transit
The multiple nuclei model takes into account the various factors of decentralization that are taking place.

18. Why Do Inner Cities Still Attract People?
Recreational facilities
Orchestras, theaters and venues for popular music concerts
Museums and art galleries
Sport teams and sporting arenas
Banks and high finance institutions
Universities and research facilities
Specialized research hospitals and medical specialists
Shopping and specialized stores

19. Making Cities in the Global Core
Redlining – financial institutions refusing to lend money in certain neighborhoods.
Blockbusting – realtors purposefully sell a home at a low price to an African American and then solicit white residents to sell their homes at low prices, to generate “white flight.”

20. Problems in Urban America
200 years ago only 5% of world was urbanized
Today about 50% is urban
Germany, Spain & Belgium are over 90% urban
World wide urban problems are:
pollution
poor sanitation
drugs and crime
congestion and noise
substandard housing & slums

21. Problems in Urban America
With urban sprawl and expanding suburbs-inner city shrinks
CBD is often reduced to serving just the inner metro area
As basic sector jobs leave-large cities have shifted to service industries
Loss of tax base as businesses, industries and services leave
Urban decay results
Unable to fund adequate schools, crime prevention programs, public housing and services-a downward spiral begins.
Row houses abandoned in North Philadelphia

22. Problems in Urban America
New York City a good example:
3 million people plus uncounted illegals crowd into 75 to 100 year old apartment buildings
Many buildings are worn out, rat & roach infested with high crime rates, vandalism and cases of spouse & child abuse
Yet despite the problems there is a sense of community that may be lost if the neighborhood is torn down

23. Deglomeration-as globalization and improved communication and transportation have developed-many businesses leave the high costs of downtown since it is no longer an advantage to cluster with other similar businesses-the results are rustbelt cities with urban decay, loss of tax revenue and abandoned property
Abandoned steel mill in Pennsylvania

24. Making Cities in the Global Core
Gentrification – individuals buy up and rehabilitate houses, raising the housing value in the neighborhood and changing the neighborhood.
Commercialization – city governments transform a central city to attract residents and tourists. The newly commercialized downtowns often are a stark contrast to the rest of the central city.