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Articulations
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Articulations are: Place where two bones come together
May be completely moveable, limited in movement or immovable.
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Classification Based on degree of movement: Synarthrosis – nonmovable
Amphiarthrosis – slightly movable Diarthrosis – freely moveable
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Classification Based on structure:
Major type of connective tissue that binds bones together. Presence of a fluid filled joint capsule.
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Structural Classification
Fibrous Cartilaginous Synovial
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Fibrous Two bones joined by fibrous tissue. Little or no movement
Sutures Syndesmoses Gomphoses
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sutures Between skull bones “soft spot” in infants. Fontanels
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Syndesmoses Bones separated by some distance and held together by ligaments. Distal part of radius and ulna
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Gomphoses Like pegs fitted into a socket. Held in place by ligaments
Tooth in socket
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Cartilaginous joints Hold two bones together using cartilage.
Slight movement Epiphyseal plates intervertebral disks
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Synovial Joints Freely movable joints
Contain synovial fluid in the cavity This type of joint is found often in the appendicular skeleton.
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Parts of a Synovial Joint
Articular cartilage Joint cavity Joint capsule Synovial membrane Bursa Tendon sheath
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Types of Synovial Joints
Based on the shape of articulating surfaces Plane (gliding) Saddle Hinge Pivot Ball-and Socket Ellipsoid
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Types of movement Flexion – moves a body part anterior or ventral
Extension – moves a body part posterior or dorsal
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Types of movement cont. Abduction – movement away from the midline
Adduction – movement toward the midline
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Types of movement cont. With the elbow at 90 degrees:
Pronation – rotation so that palm is facing down Supination – rotation so that palm is facing up.
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Types of movement cont. Eversion – rotation of foot so that plantar surface is lateral Inversion – rotation of foot so that plantar surface is medial
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Types of movement cont. Rotation – turning a structure around its long axis. Example – shaking your head no. Example – with your arm flexed, with medial rotation, arm touches the abdomen. With lateral rotation, arm moves away from the body.
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Types of movement cont. Protraction – structure glides anteriorly
Retraction – structure glides posteriorly Example - mandible
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Types of movement cont. Elevation – movement in a superior direction
Depression – movement in an inferior direction Example - mandible
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Types of movement cont. Excursion – movement of a structure from one side to the other. Example - mandible
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Types of movement cont. Opposition – unique to the thumb. This movement is described as bringing the thumb and little finger (or other fingers) together across the palm. Reposition – returns digits to anatomical position
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Types of movement cont. Circumduction – only occurs at freely movable joints. Example – movement of the arm so that it swings in a circle with the shoulder forming the apex of a cone.
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