1. Chapter 28 Color

2. Dispersion Separation of visible light into its different colors
Newton used a prism to show how light is separated into its component parts
When all the wavelengths of the visible light spectrum strike your eye at the same time, white is perceived

3. Dispersion
Prism
optical device having a triangular shape, made of glass or quartz; used to deviate a beam of light or invert an image
A Prism can be used to separate light into the visible spectrum of colors

4. Each wavelength corresponds to a color

5. The Color Spectrum Spectrum
the spread of colors seen when white light is passed through a prism
the spread of radiation by frequency, so that each frequency appears at a different position
Visible spectra occurs at Wavelengths  nanometers (nm) to 400 (nm)

6. Visible Spectra

7. The Color Spectrum
Mixing all of the colors of the spectrum will produce white light.
Black is not a color but is the absence of light.
Objects appear black when they absorb light of all visible frequencies.
Carbon, soot and black velvet are excellent absorbers of light.

8. The eye

9. Color Responses of the Cones

10. 3 – Do Now Problems 1. Define the term spectrum.
2. Are black and white ‘real’ colors? Explain your answer.
3. What happens to light of a certain frequency that encounters atoms of the same resonant frequency?
Homework
Read and notes 28.4 – 28.7

11. Dispersion
So when you are in a room with no lights and everything around you appears black, it means that there are no wavelengths of visible light striking your eye as you sight at the surroundings

13. Only blue light is reflected from the surface
White light composed of all wavelengths of visible light is incident on a pure blue object
Only blue light is reflected from the surface

14. When visible light strikes an object and a specific frequency becomes absorbed,
that frequency of light will never make it to our eyes

15. Any visible light which strikes the object and becomes reflected or
transmitted to our eyes will contribute to the color appearance of that object

16. So the color is not in the object itself,
but in the light which strikes the object.

17. The only role that the object plays
is that it might contain atoms
capable of absorbing one or more
frequencies of the visible light
which shine upon it

18. What color will an object appear if it is able to absorb all the frequencies of visible light except yellow?
Yellow! But only if the source light contains ROYGBIV

19. Color by Reflection
Light- is a type of electromagnetic wave which stimulates the retina of our eyes
Light is reflected from objects in a similar way to how sound is reflected.

20. Color by Reflection
At resonant frequencies where amplitudes are large, light is absorbed.
When the frequencies are below and above resonant frequencies what happens to the light?
The light is reemitted.
If transparent, the reemitted light passes through it.

21. Color by Reflection
If opaque, light passes back from where it came (reflection)
Materials absorb some light & reflect the rest
If a material absorbs all the light, it is black
An object can only reflect light of frequencies present in the illuminating light

22. Color by Transmission
The color of a transparent object depends on the color of the light it transmits
Pigment-
A material that selectively absorbs colored light

23. Color by Transmission
Electrons in the pigment atoms absorb light of certain frequencies from the illuminating light
Light of the other frequencies are reemitted

24. This is why sunlight appears yellowish
Yellow-green light is the brightest part of sunlight.
The violet portion of sunlight is the least bright.
                          
This is why sunlight appears yellowish

25. Mixing Colored Light Additive primary colors-Red, green, and blue.
Complementary Colors- when two colors are added together to produce white.
Red + Green = yellow
Red + Blue = magenta
Blue + Green = cyan
Yellow + Blue = white
Magenta + Green = white
Cyan + Red = white

26. Mixing Colored Light

27. Complementary Colors
If you begin with white light and subtract some color from it, the resulting color will appear as the complement of the one subtracted.
Color subtraction
Color addition

28. Light Quiz
R + G = Y
R + B = M
B + G = C

29. Pigments Pigments absorb light.
Pure pigments absorb a single frequency or color of light.
The color of light absorbed by a pigment is the complementary color of that pigment.

30. Mixing Colored Pigments
Paints and dyes contain pigments
They produce colors by absorbing light of certain frequencies and reflecting light of others.
Pigments use color mixing by subtraction
Mixing colored light is color mixing by addition

31. Mixing Colored Pigments
For example: Mixing paints is color subtracting.
For example:
Blue paint reflects mostly blue light, but also violet and green; it absorbs red, orange, and yellow light.

32. Yellow plus Cyan yields Green
Mixing Pigments
Yellow plus Cyan yields Green
Yellow plus Magenta yields Red
Cyan plus Magenta yields Blue
Equal quantities of Yellow, Cyan and Magenta yields
Black

33. Color Subtraction Example 1
Magenta light shines on a sheet of paper containing a yellow pigment. Determine the appearance of the paper.
Magenta light consists of red light and blue light.
A yellow pigment is capable of absorbing blue light. Thus, blue must be subtracted from the light which shines on the paper.
This leaves red light. If the paper reflects the red light, then the paper will look red.
M - B = (R + B) - B = R

34. Color Subtraction Example 2
Yellow light shines on a sheet of paper containing a red pigment. Determine the appearance of the paper.
Yellow light consists of red light and green light.
A red pigment is capable of absorbing cyan light; that is, red paper can absorb both green and blue primary colors of light (recall that cyan light is a mixture of green and blue light).
So red and green light shine on the paper; and green light must be subtracted. (There is no need to worry about blue light since blue light is not shining on the paper.)
This leaves red light to be reflected. If the paper reflects the red light, then the paper will look red.
Y - C = (R + G) - (B + G) = R

35. How we see color

36. How we see color
The color of an object is not actually within the object itself
The color is in the light which shines upon it that ultimately becomes reflected or transmitted to our eyes

37. Quiz
1. Describe the function of the dye in blue jeans. What does the dye do to each of the various frequencies of visible light which strike the pants?
The dye is intended to absorb all the colors of visible light except blue. If only blue is reflected then the jeans are “blue” jeans.
2. Explain why a red shirt looks red when visible light ("ROYGBIV") shines upon it.
The dye is intended to absorb all the colors of visible light except red. Since red is reflected to our eyes the shirt looks red.

38. Why is the Sky Blue?
The high frequencies (BIV) are more easily scattered by atmospheric particles
While the lower frequencies (ROY) are most likely to pass through the atmosphere without a significant alteration in their direction

39. Why is the Sky Blue?
The interaction of sunlight with matter can result in one of three wave behaviors: absorption, transmission, and reflection
This scattering process involves the absorption of a light wave by an atom followed by reemission of a light wave in a variety of directions
The amount of multidirectional scattering which occurs is dependent upon the frequency of the light

40. Why is the Sky Blue?
The lower frequencies of sunlight (ROY) tend to reach our eyes as we sight directly at the sun during midday
not all frequencies are equally intense
the sun appears ………………….. during midday due to the ……………………….. of dominant amounts of ………………….. frequencies …………………. our atmosphere and to our eyes

41. Why are clouds white?
Different size water droplets result in a variety of frequencies for scattered light
Low frequencies from larger droplets and high frequencies from tinier droplets
Therefore mixing all colors of light resulting in a (white cloud).

42. Why Sunsets are Red?
As the sun approaches the horizon line, sunlight must traverse a greater distance through our atmosphere
As the path which sunlight takes through our atmosphere increases in length, ROYGBIV encounters more and more atmospheric particles. This results in the scattering of greater and greater amounts of yellow light

43. environmental problems
Why Sunsets are Red
The effect of a red sunset becomes more pronounced if the atmosphere contains more and more particles.
The presence of sulfur aerosols (emitted as an industrial pollutant) in our atmosphere contributes to some magnificent sunsets
and some very serious
environmental problems

44. At noon, sunlight travels through the least amount of atmosphere
Why Sunsets are Red
When light passes through a thick atmosphere, light of the lower frequencies is transmitted while light of the high frequencies is scattered
At noon, sunlight travels through the least amount of atmosphere
As the day goes on the path through the atmosphere is longer and more blue is scattered from sunlight
Less blue remains in the sunlight that reaches the earth and the sun appears redder

45. Why Water is Greenish-Blue
Water is transparent to almost all visible frequencies of light
Water molecules resonate to the visible-red frequencies
This causes a gradual absorption of red light by water
Water is greenish-blue because red is absorbed by molecules in the water

46. The Atomic Color Code-Atomic Spectra
Every element has its own characteristic color when made to emit light
Spectroscope-An instrument that analyzes the light from glowing elements
The arrangement of thin slit, lenses, and a prism is the basis for the spectroscope

52. Can you see the baby?

54. CAN YOU SEE THE DOG?

55. CAN YOU SEE 10 FACES IN THE TREE

56. THERE'S A FACE IN HERE. CAN YOU SEE IT?

57. CAN YOU SEE THREE WOMEN IN EINSTEIN'S FACE?

58. Study for your test