1. Classical India Chapter 3

2. Geography (N) Not isolated like China (contact with the Middle east and Mediterranean) Not isolated like China (contact with the Middle east and Mediterranean) Invasion Invasion Mountains in the North Mountains in the North Indus and Ganges River Valleys Indus and Ganges River Valleys Monsoons Monsoons Double crops Double crops

4. Preclassical Aryan invasion Aryan invasion Caste system takes shape Caste system takes shape Relations between Aryans and local Relations between Aryans and local Political structure Political structure Village chiefs, patriarchal Village chiefs, patriarchal Sanskrit Sanskrit Mahahharata and Ramayana(epic poems) Mahahharata and Ramayana(epic poems) Mythical battles Mythical battles

5. Early Caste Kshatriyas-warrior/governing Kshatriyas-warrior/governing Brahmans-Priestly Brahmans-Priestly Vaisyas-traders and farmers Vaisyas-traders and farmers Sudras-common labor Sudras-common labor Untouchables-dirty work Untouchables-dirty work

7. Patterns Not dynastic rise and fall like China, or even the regionalism seen in Greece Not dynastic rise and fall like China, or even the regionalism seen in Greece Irregular rhythm Irregular rhythm Mauryan rise (post Alex the Great) Mauryan rise (post Alex the Great) Persian traditions, large armies, bureaucracy Persian traditions, large armies, bureaucracy Ashoka Ashoka Conquest and Buddhism Conquest and Buddhism

9. Patterns Cont Guptas Guptas Negotiations and intermarriage with local ruling princes and families Negotiations and intermarriage with local ruling princes and families No great individual leaders No great individual leaders

10. Politics Regionalism Regionalism Autocratic kings and aristocratic influence Autocratic kings and aristocratic influence Shaky centralization and control Shaky centralization and control Hinduism Hinduism High taxes High taxes Gupta Reps and local leadership Gupta Reps and local leadership

11. Politics con’t No Unified language (Sanskrit) or unified law code No Unified language (Sanskrit) or unified law code Building projects, universities Building projects, universities Indian religions do not promote politics Indian religions do not promote politics

12. The Caste Promotes social and cultural values Promotes social and cultural values Promote following caste duties Promote following caste duties No need for detailed political institutions because the Caste provided it No need for detailed political institutions because the Caste provided it Specific rules and regulations to what caste you were born into Specific rules and regulations to what caste you were born into

13. Religion and Culture Driving force behind Indian social life Driving force behind Indian social life Hinduism-dharma Hinduism-dharma No Central figures, no central teaching (or text), ideas rise out of competition with other religions (Buddhism and Islam) No Central figures, no central teaching (or text), ideas rise out of competition with other religions (Buddhism and Islam) Adaptable to different groups Adaptable to different groups Tolerant of other religions Tolerant of other religions Contemplation of the divine spirit Contemplation of the divine spirit Honorable actions Honorable actions

14. Hinduism Mystical contact Mystical contact Gurus-direct contact with the divine soul Gurus-direct contact with the divine soul Reincarnation Reincarnation Cycles and moving up and down Cycles and moving up and down Polytheistic Polytheistic Vishnu-the preserver Vishnu-the preserver Shiva the destroyer Shiva the destroyer Yoga Yoga Artworks under Guptas Artworks under Guptas

15. Vishnu

16. Shiva

17. Buddhism Siddartha Guatama (Buddha-Enlightened one) Siddartha Guatama (Buddha-Enlightened one) Accepts parts of Hinduism (reincarnation) Accepts parts of Hinduism (reincarnation) Rejects the Caste Rejects the Caste Worldly pursuits=decay Worldly pursuits=decay Nirvana (nothingness) Nirvana (nothingness) “Let a man overcome evil by good, let him overcome the greedy by liberalness, the liar with the truth” “Let a man overcome evil by good, let him overcome the greedy by liberalness, the liar with the truth”

18. Buddhism Con’t First Major World religion (that we have dealt with) First Major World religion (that we have dealt with) Missionaries Missionaries Brahaman opposition Brahaman opposition Ashoka and the Guptas Ashoka and the Guptas Stupas Stupas

19. Other Pursuits Diverse populations Diverse populations Indian writers=deal with various aspects of life Indian writers=deal with various aspects of life Epic poems dealing life (Hindu imaginations)-Lots of Romantic adventures Epic poems dealing life (Hindu imaginations)-Lots of Romantic adventures Sinbad the sailor, Jack the Giant Killer, and Seven League Boots Sinbad the sailor, Jack the Giant Killer, and Seven League Boots Kamasutra Kamasutra

20. Sinbad the Sailor

22. Math and Science Solar year and math measurements Solar year and math measurements Earth’s rotation and axis (Flat?), eclipses, theory of gravity, telescope Earth’s rotation and axis (Flat?), eclipses, theory of gravity, telescope Medicine-plastic surgery and bone setting Medicine-plastic surgery and bone setting Arabic numbers (zero) Arabic numbers (zero) Negative numbers, Pi Negative numbers, Pi

23. Economy Agriculturally based Agriculturally based Hierarchies-In society and home life Hierarchies-In society and home life Patriarchal Patriarchal Expansion of internal and external trade Expansion of internal and external trade Contact with Middle East and China Contact with Middle East and China Tamils-silks, dyes, drugs, fold, and Ivory Tamils-silks, dyes, drugs, fold, and Ivory Chemistry advances and steel Chemistry advances and steel