1. MWQ, HFC Workshop, Paris, July 11, 2014 Miguel W. Quintero Independent Consultant July, 2014 Alternatives to HFCs/HCFCs for the production of foam Disclaimer: The views expressed are those of the author and do not represent those of the TEAP or the FTOC

2. MWQ, HFC Workshop, Paris, July 11, 2014 KEY POINTS ON HFC/HCFC PHASE OUT Polyurethane rigid foam for insulation is the foam sector using the largest volume of HFC/HCFCs XPS foam for board Blowing agent is less than 12% of total foam formulation Polyols, surfactants, catalysts are critical Crucial role of System Houses…they are the “chefs”! There is no a direct correlation between foam and substance properties There is not a “drop-in” replacement! Critical segment…Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) Reliant on local system houses Low technology competence/ Poor operating discipline Thousands of “micro” (less than 5 tonnes of HCFC-141b per year) in developing countries

3. MWQ, HFC Workshop, Paris, July 11, 2014 FLAMMABLE OPTIONS Cyclo-Pentanen-PentaneIso-Pentane Methyl Formate Methylal Chemical Formula (CH 2 ) 5 CH 3 (CH 2 ) 3 CH 3 CH 3 CH(CH 3 )CHCH 3 CH 3 (HCOO)CH 3 OCH 2 OCH 3 Molecular Weight70.172.1 6076.1 Boiling Point (°C )49.33628 31.542 Foam propertiesGood Acceptable Flammable Limits in air (vol.%) 1.4 - 8.0 1.4 - 7.6 5,0 – 2.02.2 – 19,9 GWP (100 years)<25* "Negligible””Negligible” CommentsHigh incremental capital cost (ICC) Polyol blend could be non flammable Corrosion? High ICC, high solvent power Price (USD/kg)2.0 – 4.0 2 – 41.4 -1.7

4. MWQ, HFC Workshop, Paris, July 11, 2014 CO 2 (water)Formacel® 1100Solstice TM Liquid BAForane TM 1233zd Common name1336mzz(Z)1233zd(E) Chemical Formula CO 2 Cis-CF 3 -CH=CH-CF 3 Trans-ClCH=CH-CF 3 Molecular weight44164130.5 Boiling Point (°C )In situ reaction3319 Foam propertiesAcceptableVery good GWP (100 years121<7 CommentsHigh IOCsHigh IOCs, New in the market, Global availability Price (US$/kg)MDI price: 2 - 411.0 – 17.0 NON FLAMMABLE OPTIONS

5. MWQ, HFC Workshop, Paris, July 11, 2014 STRATEGIES TO PHASE OUT HCFC/HFCs Large enterprises Hydrocarbons Default option in many cases…exception for spray Large foam production over which to spread investment (high ICC) Economic running costs (low IOC) Unsaturated HFC/HCFCs (HFOs) High thermal performance requirements Low ICC/ high IOC Blends with other substances: methyl formate, methylal? Medium enterprises Extend range of hydrocarbon use by capital cost reduction (pre-blended, third stream) Unsaturated HFC/HCFCs… saturated HFCs as precursors? Reduce IOCs with partial replacement by CO 2 (water) HCOs for some market niches: integral skin, low insulating requirements Micro/small enterprises Optimised 100% CO 2 (water) formulations Unsaturated HFC/HCFCs… saturated HFCs as precursors? Reduce IOCs with partial replacement by CO 2 (water) HCOs for some market niches: integral skin, low insulating requirements

6. MWQ, HFC Workshop, Paris, July 11, 2014 SUMMARY For PU foams there are available options with zero ODP and low GWP (< 25) Their implementation requires strong efforts on formulation development Crucial role of global and local System Houses Formulation knowledge…critical for local system houses The low threshold value for IOC (Decision 60/44) could be an obstacle for the introduction of non flammable options at SMEs Some words on XPS foam Great market variation through out the regions Rapid growth in production capacity reported in the Asian region Saturated HFCs…a clear alternative in many regions unless low-GWP alternatives are proven CO 2, CO 2 blended with DME or ethanol, Hydrocarbons (butane) HFOs ( HFO-1234ze(E)) under evaluation….high thermal insulation performance