1. Professor Henrik Halkier Aalborg University, Denmark halkier@cgs.aau.dk Aspects of regional change FOOD, TOURISM, AND THE RESILIENCE OF LOCAL VISITOR ECONOMIES

2. Professor Henrik Halkier Aalborg University, Denmark halkier@cgs.aau.dk Aspects of regional change FOOD, TOURISM, AND THE RESILIENCE OF LOCAL VISITOR ECONOMIES 1.Path dependency and development of regions and tourist destinations 2.Cross-sectoral synergies: Food and tourism in North Jutland and Suffolk 3.Resilient local visitor economies: North Jutland recovering from the crisis? 4.Concluding remarks

3. PATH DEPENDENCY AND CHANGE Regions and destinations From path dependency as (negative) lock-in…  System of institutions maintaining direction (Martin/Sunley 2006, Howlett/Rayner 2006)  Firms, regulation, actor behaviour, discourse  Sudden change, from outside system (Martin/Sunley 2014, Martin 2010, Mahoney 2000)  Changes in demand and competition … towards less rigid paths  Co-existence of institutions in regions (Martin/Sunley 2014, Hassink 2010)  Plasticity of institutions (Strambach 2010, Strambach/Halkier 2013)  Path creation as contextualised strategic action (Karnøe/Garud 2012) Henrik Halkier – halkier@cgs.aau.dk 1

4. PATH DEPENDENCY AND CHANGE Regions and destinations Henrik Halkier – halkier@cgs.aau.dk (Butler 1980) (Ma/Hassink 2013, based on Martin 2010) Importance of accounting for:  Development of individual institutions (drift/conversion) (Mahoney/Thelen 2010, Martin 2010, Hassink 2010)  Complex interaction of institutions (layering/displacement)  Role of agency/actors in continuity and change (Schneiberg 2007, Karnøe/Garud 2012) 1

5. Source: Henrik Halkier & Anette Therkelsen: Breaking out of Tourism Destination Path Dependency? Exploring the Case of Coastal Tourism in North Jutland, Denmark, German Journal of Economic Geography, 57, 1-2 Actor groups and institutions in destination development. RECONCEPTUALISING TOURIST DESTINATIONS Henrik Halkier – halkier@cgs.aau.dk 1

6. Seaside maturity in North Jutland, Denmark TIES THAT BIND Families with kids, nature-based, seasonal, neighbouring markets Civil ownership/co-use, life-style entrepreneurs, monopolitistic rental bureaus National ownership, planning restrictions Automobile, self-catering, week-based Marketing Multi-level sectoral policy network, uneven local priority 1

7. Henrik Halkier – halkier@cgs.aau.dk No-kid high-spenders, +culture, short breaks Cross-sectoral networks, new transport links? 1.CONVERSION: Flexible planning 2.DRIFT: Innovation and coordination LAYERING: Flying in? LAYERING: Re-branding 2: Uneven local change 1: More dull, reinforcing Seaside maturity in North Jutland, Denmark TOWARDS A NEW PATH? 1

8. Henrik Halkier – halkier@cgs.aau.dk SUMMING UP Maturity, thinness and economic change Case study conclusions  Continued dominance of existing institutions  Civil ownership of accommodation  Visitor perceptions of ‘a summer place’  ‘Thinness’ of innovative initiatives Wider perspectives  Usefulness of evolutionary perspective for study of tourism destinations  Underlines role of cultural values/institutions in regional development  Need for continued conceptual debate about less rigid paths 1

9. CROSS-SECTORAL SYNERGIES Food and tourism in North Jutland and Suffolk From tempting prospects of synergy …  tourists will eat anyway  food experience add to attraction of destination  local food an exotic quality  boost local food production directly/indirectly … to international destination food brand  attractions of regional food communicated to visitors  regional food experiences demanded by visitors  regional food experiences must be produced  regional food made accessible to visitors 2 Henrik Halkier – halkier@cgs.aau.dk

10. Food practicesFEEDING TOURISTSFOOD TOURISM EatingSustenanceExperience CookingGenericPlace specific RetailingNationalLocalized ProducingStandardizedSpecialized 2 Henrik Halkier – halkier@cgs.aau.dk CROSS-SECTORAL SYNERGIES Food and tourism in North Jutland and Suffolk

11. Food tourism change strategies Primary policy target FoodTourism Main level of intervention Firm-levelInnovatingDeveloping experience DestinationLocalising consumptionPromoting image Conceptualising economic development strategies  Contextual drivers (destination branding, boost local food production, food scares)  Available resources (tourism/food, public/private)  Change strategies (aims, targets) (Halkier 2006, Dredge & Jenkins 2007) 2 Henrik Halkier – halkier@cgs.aau.dk CROSS-SECTORAL SYNERGIES Food and tourism in North Jutland and Suffolk

12. Two case studies: North Jutland (DK), Suffolk (UK)  Coastal destinations with rural hinterlands  Food tourism ambitions, no ‘magnificent culinary heritage’ Suffolk – wheat/barley, poultry, pork, vegetables North Jutland – grain, milk, pork, seafood  Interviews with producers, retailers, restaurants, policymakers 2 Henrik Halkier – halkier@cgs.aau.dk CROSS-SECTORAL SYNERGIES Food and tourism in North Jutland and Suffolk

13. Food tourism in North Jutland and Suffolk FINDINGS: RESOURCES 2

14. Food tourism in North Jutland and Suffolk FINDINGS: DRIVERS AND STRATEGIES 2 Henrik Halkier – halkier@cgs.aau.dk

15. Food tourism in North Jutland and Suffolk SUMMING UP Strategies focus on  Changes visible to visitors: branding, events, menus, (diversification)  New temporality (outside main season)  NOT localising food chain Strategic differences reflect  Perceived/experienced intensity of demand  Degree of availability of local food (producers, retailers)  Alternatives to diversification for small farmers (wage labour)  Dominant political agendas: Tourism (DK) versus foo (UK)  (National) preferences for particular policy instruments (networks vs grants) Long-term strategic weaknesses  Limited funding for promotion/DMOs (UK)  Limited addressing of production/distribution density (DK)  Weak combination of branding AND development in sector-based governance (DK/UK) 2 Henrik Halkier – halkier@cgs.aau.dk

16. Resilient local visitor economies in North Jutland RECOVERING FROM THE CRISIS? Regional and local strategies focusing on  Increase visitor spending  Extend season season  Innovation rather than marketing 3 Henrik Halkier – halkier@cgs.aau.dk

17. Resilient local visitor economies in North Jutland RECOVERING FROM THE CRISIS? Klitmøller  Recently emerging destination  Active engagement with nature  Ongoing skirmishes between local stakeholders 3 Skagen  Traditional upmarket destination/day visitors  Passive gazing on nature and culture  Well-functioning and innovative DMO Henrik Halkier – halkier@cgs.aau.dk

18. Resilient local visitor economies in North Jutland RECOVERING FROM THE CRISIS? Klitmøller (Thisted overnights)  Initial German resilience, then slump  Very limited Danish recovery  Growing local surfing community 3 Skagen (Frederikshavn overnights)  International recovery (esp. non-German)  Limited extension of season Commercial overnight stays. Overnight stays per year. Source: Statistics Denmark StatBank. Henrik Halkier – halkier@cgs.aau.dk

19. Resilient local visitor economies in North Jutland RECOVERING FROM THE CRISIS? A different kind of recovery?  Uneven recovery in overnights  Clear recovery in economic activity  Moving towards better-off visitors  Local resilience through growth of domestic tourism? 3 Economic activity associated with tourists staying in commercial accommodation by locality. Million DKK, current prices. Source: VisitDenmark’s tourist satellite accounts 2008ff. Henrik Halkier – halkier@cgs.aau.dk

20. CONCLUDING REMARKS Key aspects of regional change  Development of individual institutions  Complex interactions of institutions  Role of agency/actors in continuity and change  Wider spatial/international context Policy implications  Importance of re-thinking the ‘taken for granted’  Transition from ‘paper synergies’ to ‘real-world change’ uneven  Policies can be path dependent  Producer-driving policies may ignore markets/competitors 4 Henrik Halkier – halkier@cgs.aau.dk

21. FURTHER READINGS Henrik Halkier and Anette Therkelsen (2013) Breaking out of Tourism Destination Path Dependency? Exploring the Case of Coastal Tourism in North Jutland, Denmark. German Journal of Economic Geography 57: 39-51. Laura James and Henrik Halkier (2015) Regional development platforms and related variety: exploring the changing practices of food tourism in North Jutland, Denmark. European Urban and Regional Studies. Henrik Halkier and Laura James (2015) Destination Dynamics, Path Dependency and Resilience: Regaining Momentum in Danish Coastal Tourism Destinations, in Patrick Brouder et al. (eds.) Tourism Evolutionary Geography, Routledge. 4 Henrik Halkier – halkier@cgs.aau.dk