1. The Atmosphere Chap. 11 Atmosphere Basics State of the Atmosphere
Moisture in Atmosphere

2. Atmosphere Basics – 11.1 Describe the composition of the atmosphere
Compare and contrast the various layers of the atmosphere
Identify three methods of transferring energy throughout the atmosphere

3. Atmospheric composition

4. Atmospheric composition
99% nitrogen and oxygen

5. Atmospheric composition
99% nitrogen and oxygen
Argon, hydrogen, carbon dioxide water, and other gases make up 1%

6. Atmospheric composition
99% nitrogen and oxygen
Argon, hydrogen, carbon dioxide water, and other gases make up 1%
The amount of water in the atmosphere varies from 0% to 4%

7. Atmospheric composition
99% nitrogen and oxygen
Argon, hydrogen, carbon dioxide water, and other gases make up 1%
The amount of water in the atmosphere varies from 0% to 4%
There are solids in the atmosphere

8. Atmospheric composition
99% nitrogen and oxygen
Argon, hydrogen, carbon dioxide water, and other gases make up 1%
The amount of water in the atmosphere varies from 0% to 4%
There are solids in the atmosphere
Dust
Salt
Ice

9. II. Important gases of atmosphere

10. II. Important gases of atmosphere
Carbon dioxide and water

11. II. Important gases of atmosphere
Carbon dioxide and water – regulate the temperature of the earth.
Ozone

12. II. Important gases of atmosphere
Carbon dioxide and water – regulate the temperature of the earth.
Ozone – absorbs harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation.

13. III. Layers of the Atmosphere
Troposphere

14. III. Layers of the Atmosphere
Troposphere
Closest to Earth.
Weather and pollution occur here.
Temp. decreases as altitude increases.
Ends at about 16 km at tropics, 9 km near poles.

15. III. Layers of the Atmosphere
Stratosphere

16. III. Layers of the Atmosphere
Stratosphere
Composed mostly of ozone.
Is warmed by solar radiation. The higher the altitude the warmer.

17. III. Layers of the Atmosphere
Mesosphere

18. III. Layers of the Atmosphere
Mesosphere
No ozone.
This layer gets cooler as you ascend.

19. III. Layers of the Atmosphere
Thermosphere

20. III. Layers of the Atmosphere
Thermosphere
Temperature more than 1000º C.
There are very few air particles here.
Includes ions in a region called the _________.

21. III. Layers of the Atmosphere
Thermosphere
Temperature more than 1000º C.
There are very few air particles here.
Includes ions in a region called the ionosphere.

22. III. Layers of the Atmosphere
Exosphere

23. III. Layers of the Atmosphere
Exosphere
Light gases found here (hydrogen and helium).
Gradually transitions into space.

24. IV. Energy Transfer

26. IV. Energy Transfer
Radiation – transferring energy through space by way of light (visible, UV, etc.)

27. IV. Energy Transfer
Radiation – transferring energy through space by way of light (visible, UV, etc.)
Not all this energy stays on Earth.

28. IV. Energy Transfer
Radiation – transferring energy through space by way of light (visible, UV, etc.)
Not all this energy stays on Earth.
Radiation heats ________ objects faster.

29. IV. Energy Transfer
Radiation – transferring energy through space by way of light (visible, UV, etc.)
Not all this energy stays on Earth.
Radiation heats dark objects faster.
Radiation heats water ______ than land.

30. IV. Energy Transfer
Radiation – transferring energy through space by way of light (visible, UV, etc.)
Not all this energy stays on Earth.
Radiation heats dark objects faster.
Radiation heats water slower than land.
Hot things emit shorter wavelengths of radiation. Cooler things emit longer waves.

31. IV. Energy Transfer
Radiation – transferring energy through space by way of light (visible, UV, etc.)
Not all this energy stays on Earth.
Radiation heats dark objects faster.
Radiation heats water slower than land.
Hot things emit shorter wavelengths of radiation. Cooler things emit longer waves.
When solar radiation hits surface of the Earth, the wavelength becomes longer.

32. IV. Energy Transfer
Conduction – transferring energy by contact.

33. IV. Energy Transfer Conduction – transferring energy by contact.
Warm particles collide with cooler particles.

34. IV. Energy Transfer Conduction – transferring energy by contact.
Warm particles collide with cooler particles.
This really only heats air near surface.

35. IV. Energy Transfer
Convection – transferring energy by flow of heated substance.

36. IV. Energy Transfer
Convection – transferring energy by flow of heated substance.
Warm particles have lower density and rise.

37. IV. Energy Transfer
Convection – transferring energy by flow of heated substance.
Warm particles have lower density and rise.
Warm particles cool, which causes them to fall.

38. IV. Energy Transfer
Convection – transferring energy by flow of heated substance.
Warm particles have lower density and rise.
Warm particles cool, which causes them to fall.
This motion creates convection currents.

39. The End

40. State of the Atmosphere – 11.2
Earth’s atmosphere from the ISS (360 km above Earth)
Describe the various properties of the atmosphere and how they interact
Explain why atmospheric properties change with changes in altitude

41. I. Temperature

42. I. Temperature
Temperature is different from heat

43. I. Temperature Temperature is different from heat
Temperature measures the average speed of the particles of a substance

44. I. Temperature Temperature is different from heat
Temperature measures the average speed of the particles of a substance
Heat describes a transfer of energy

45. I. Temperature
Temperature is different from heat
Temperature scales

46. I. Temperature Temperature is different from heat Temperature scales
Fahrenheit

47. I. Temperature Temperature is different from heat Temperature scales
Fahrenheit
Celsius

48. I. Temperature Temperature is different from heat Temperature scales
Fahrenheit
Celsius
Kelvin

49. I. Temperature Temperature is different from heat Temperature scales
Dew point (condensation temp.)
Temperature to which air must be cooled at constant pressure to reach saturation

50. I. Temperature Temperature is different from heat Temperature scales
Dew point (condensation temp.)
This varies depending on water content of the air

51. I. Temperature Temperature is different from heat Temperature scales
Dew point (condensation temp.)
This varies depending on water content of the air
When temperature reaches dew point, condensation can occur

52. I. Temperature
Vertical temperature changes

53. I. Temperature Vertical temperature changes
Air cools as elevation increases

54. I. Temperature Vertical temperature changes
Air cools as elevation increases
Dry air cools at about 10ºC / 1000 m

55. I. Temperature Vertical temperature changes
Air cools as elevation increases
Dry air cools at about 10ºC / 1000 m
If you travel high enough, the air cools to the dew point. This is called the lifted condensation level (LCL)

56. I. Temperature Vertical temperature changes
Air cools as elevation increases
Dry air cools at about 10ºC / 1000 m
If you travel high enough, the air cools to the dew point. This is called the lifted condensation level (LCL)
Moist air cools at about 6ºC / 1000 m

58. II. Pressure

59. II. Pressure
Air pressure and density

60. II. Pressure Air pressure and density
The air near the Earth’s surface is ______ than air further up

61. II. Pressure Air pressure and density
The air near the Earth’s surface is denser than air further up
The higher you go, the lower the pressure because . . .

62. II. Pressure Air pressure and density
Temperature–Pressure relationship

63. II. Pressure Air pressure and density
Temperature–Pressure relationship
As the temperature goes ↑, the pressure goes ___.

64. II. Pressure Air pressure and density
Temperature–Pressure relationship
As the temperature goes ↑, the pressure goes ↑ .
This relationship is called a direct relationship.

65. II. Pressure Air pressure and density
Temperature–Pressure relationship
Temperature-Density relationship

66. II. Pressure Air pressure and density
Temperature–Pressure relationship
Temperature-Density relationship
As the temperature ↑, the density goes ___ .

67. II. Pressure Air pressure and density
Temperature–Pressure relationship
Temperature-Density relationship
As the temperature ↑, the density goes _↓_ .
This relationship is called an inverse relationship.

68. III. Temperature Inversions

69. III. Temperature Inversions
The temperature of the air increases the higher the elevation.

70. III. Temperature Inversions
The temperature of the air increases the higher the elevation.
These layers act like a lid, holding in gases below.

71. IV. Wind

72. IV. Wind
Results from differences in temperature.

73. IV. Wind Results from differences in temperature.
Warm air has a lower density and rises causing low pressure

74. IV. Wind Results from differences in temperature.
Warm air has a lower density and rises causing low pressure
Cooler air has a higher density and falls, causing high pressure

75. V. Relative Humidity

76. V. Relative Humidity
Relative humidity depends on:

77. V. Relative Humidity Relative humidity depends on:
How much moisture is in the air

78. V. Relative Humidity Relative humidity depends on:
How much moisture is in the air
How much moisture could be in the air
Amount of moisture present
x 100
Amount of moisture possible

79. V. Relative Humidity Relative humidity depends on:
How much moisture is in the air
How much moisture could be in the air
Note – warm air holds more moisture.

80. V. Relative Humidity Relative humidity depends on:
How much moisture is in the air
How much moisture could be in the air
Note – warm air holds more moisture.
If the relative humidity is 100% this means the atmosphere is __________.

81. The End

82. Moisture in the Atmosphere - 11.3
Explain how clouds are formed
Identify the basic characteristics of different cloud groups
Describe the water cycle

83. I. Cloud Formation
Steps to making clouds

84. I. Cloud Formation
Steps to making clouds
Warm, moist air rises.

85. I. Cloud Formation Steps to making clouds Warm, moist air rises.
This air expands and cools

86. I. Cloud Formation Steps to making clouds Warm, moist air rises.
This air expands and cools
The air reaches its dew point

87. I. Cloud Formation Steps to making clouds Warm, moist air rises.
This air expands and cools
The air reaches its dew point
Water droplets condense around condensation nuclei
Surface on which water droplets can form. Smoke or dust particles can act as condensation nuclei

88. I. Cloud Formation Steps to making clouds Warm, moist air rises.
This air expands and cools
The air reaches its dew point
Water droplets condense around condensation nuclei
A cloud forms

89. I. Cloud Formation
Steps to making clouds
Causes for warm air to rise

90. I. Cloud Formation Steps to making clouds Causes for warm air to rise
Orographic lifting
Cloud formation as a result of wind moving air into a mountain. This moves the air upward.

91. I. Cloud Formation Steps to making clouds Causes for warm air to rise
Orographic lifting
Warm air encounters cold air

92. I. Cloud Formation Steps to making clouds Causes for warm air to rise
Atmospheric stability
The ability to resist rising

93. I. Cloud Formation Steps to making clouds Causes for warm air to rise
Atmospheric stability
A stable atmosphere has no clouds, or thin, layers of clouds.

94. I. Cloud Formation Steps to making clouds Causes for warm air to rise
Atmospheric stability
A stable atmosphere has no clouds, or thin, layers of clouds.
An unstable atmosphere will have vertical development. Thunderstorms indicate an unstable atmosphere.

95. I. Cloud Formation Steps to making clouds Causes for warm air to rise
Atmospheric stability
Latent heat
The heat exchanged during a phase change.

96. I. Cloud Formation Steps to making clouds Causes for warm air to rise
Atmospheric stability
Latent heat
Energy required to evaporate water is stored in the water vapor.

97. I. Cloud Formation Steps to making clouds Causes for warm air to rise
Atmospheric stability
Latent heat
Energy required to evaporate water is stored in the water vapor.
When the water vapor condenses this heat is released.

98. I. Cloud Formation
Types of clouds

99. I. Cloud Formation Types of clouds
Cirrus
Form high in atmosphere, made of ice crystals, appear as thin, white, feathery clouds

100. I. Cloud Formation Types of clouds Cirrus Cumulus
Flat-based, puffy white clouds with cauliflower appearance on top. Extends vertically several thousand ft.

101. I. Cloud Formation Types of clouds
Cirrus
Cumulus
Stratus
3 main cloud types
Layered cloud that covers most of the sky. Forms at low altitudes. Often gray.

102. I. Cloud Formation Types of clouds
Cirrus
Cumulus
Stratus
Cirrostratus
High, thin clouds that give sky a milky white appearance.

103. I. Cloud Formation Types of clouds
Cirrus
Cumulus
Stratus
Cirrostratus
Cirrocumulus
Delicate clouds forming in bands a ripples. These rare clouds form when cirrus clouds degenerate.

104. I. Cloud Formation Types of clouds
Altostratus
Clouds of intermediate height, having blue-gray appearance. Composed of ice crystals and water.

105. I. Cloud Formation Types of clouds
Altostratus
Altocumulus
Have oval shapes, colored white with gray undersides. May produce mild precipitation.

106. I. Cloud Formation Types of clouds
Altostratus
Altocumulus
Nimbostatus
Often associated with steady precipitation. Can occur in thick, continuous layers.

107. I. Cloud Formation Types of clouds
Altostratus
Altocumulus
Nimbostatus
Stratocumulus
Can cover the sky in dark, heavy masses. Form irregular masses close to the ground.

108. I. Cloud Formation Types of clouds
Altostratus
Altocumulus
Nimbostatus
Stratocumulus
Cumulonimbus
Puffy, white cloud. Towering clouds that extend upward to heights of 2-5 miles. Cause thunderstorms

109. II. The Water Cycle

110. The End