1. Deakin University CRICOS Provider Code: 00113B ALCOHOL-INVOLVED FAMILY VIOLENCE A/Prof Peter Miller Co-Director, Violence Prevention Group, Deakin University

2. Deakin University CRICOS Provider Code: 00113B OUR STUDIES Core studies DANTE: Dealing with Alcohol in the Night Time Economy POINTED: Patron Offending and Intoxication in Night Time Entertainment Districts Alcohol and Drug Involvement in family and Domestic Violence in Australia (ADIVA) All of these studies were funded by NDLERF

3. Deakin University CRICOS Provider Code: 00113B

5. ALCOHOL AND FAMILY & DOMESTIC VIOLENCE (FDV): THE EVIDENCE THUS FAR

6. Deakin University CRICOS Provider Code: 00113B OVERVIEW AOD use (particularly alcohol) increases: – the incidence of FDV – Severity of FDV Association is complex and multifaceted However, AOD use and FDV can involve a reciprocal bi- directional relationship – Either problem can increase risk of the other.

7. Deakin University CRICOS Provider Code: 00113B FDV AND POLICE DATA Trends and typologies 41% of domestic assault incidents in NSW were flagged by police as alcohol related (Grech & Burgess, 2011) International estimates 25-45% Around 50% of offences are once-off offences

8. Deakin University CRICOS Provider Code: 00113B ALCOHOL USE AND FDV Associations Any drinking day: – 8 times higher odds of male-to-female violence – 11 times higher odds of SEVERE male-to-female violence. Heavy drinking days: – 19 times higher odds of SEVERE male-to-female violence

9. Deakin University CRICOS Provider Code: 00113B ALCOHOL USE AND FDV Policy relationships Outlet Density - strong – WA: residential violence increased by 26 per cent for every 10,000 L of pure alcohol sold – VIC: a 10 per cent increase in off-licences was associated with a 3.3% per cent increase FDV. Price – not conclusive – USA: a 1% price increase was associated with a 3.1 – 3.5% reduction in ‘wife abuse’. Trading hour restrictions (Brazil) – reductions in assaults against women – Reductions in homicides of women Moderate drinkers make up the bulk of offenders and victims

10. Deakin University CRICOS Provider Code: 00113B TYPES OF FDV FDV exists on a continuum: (1) coercive controlling violence (F 37%, M 6%) (2) violent resistance (F 6%, M 28%) (3) situational couple violence (F 25%, M 19%) (4) Non-violent (F 33%, M 6%) Johnson, 1995; Kelly & Johnson, 2008

11. Deakin University CRICOS Provider Code: 00113B LONGITUDINAL PREDICTORS OF FDV CHILD ABUSE, NEGLECT AND MALTREATMENT Early Adversity Child and adolescent behaviour problems Substance Use in Adolescence THE FIRST THOUSAND DAYS OF LIFE Costa, Kaestle, Walker, Curtis, Day, Toumbourou & Miller, 2014

12. Deakin University CRICOS Provider Code: 00113B ADIVA The current study 1.Australia-wide representative ‘safety’ survey – the role of different types of liquor outlets 2.Police data in three jurisdictions * – describe the trends in family violence – impact of AOD use on breaches of intervention orders.

13. Deakin University CRICOS Provider Code: 00113B FINDINGS Postal survey, pilot 915 participants, 18 - 92 years Over half of participants (n=506) reported lifetime violence 84 participants (9.1%) experienced violence in past 3 months

14. Deakin University CRICOS Provider Code: 00113B FINDINGS Postal survey, pilot Alcohol involved in 40% of all cases of violence IPV: – Daily drinking, 8.6 Coercive Control Victimization: – Female, 1.98 – Hazardous drinking, 1.3 – Drug dependence, 8.9 Coercive Control Perpetration: – Male, 0.98 – Hazardous drinking, 2.6

15. Deakin University CRICOS Provider Code: 00113B SOLUTIONS Overview WHO framework A response framework for Australia Specific AOD interventions

16. Deakin University CRICOS Provider Code: 00113B A RESPONSE FRAMEWORK A national strategic approach ALL forms of violence Across the life-course Across levels of prevention A research agenda – programs must evaluate and demonstrate impact A focus on evidence-based intervention – A specific component devoted to piloting new approaches

17. Deakin University CRICOS Provider Code: 00113B A RESPONSE FRAMEWORK Ante-natalChildhoodAdolescenceAdulthood Primary Reduce maternal substance useReduce alcohol/drug supply Enforcement Education regarding the impacts of substance use Comprehensive education and labelling campaigns Education should be a curriculum item Reduce alcohol advertising Parenting interventions aimed at whole-of-family Secondary Pre-natal support for vulnerable parents Community nursing visits Strengthening FamiliesTherapeutic interventions Community nursing visits Peer Mentoring Social and Emotional Competence Tertiary Family Drug Court /Mandated TreatmentPsychological interventions Situational interventions -restricting trading hours Child protection (including abstinence conditions) Social and Emotional Competence Training Swift and Certain Justice Offender rehabilitation -SADV

18. Deakin University CRICOS Provider Code: 00113B SOLUTIONS Specific AOD approaches Drug treatment – 1 year generic 12 step – FDV reduced from 60% to 35% of participants Combined treatments – Substance Abuse-Domestic Violence (SADV) – the Stella Project

19. Deakin University CRICOS Provider Code: 00113B WHAT IF WE COULD REMOVE ALCOHOL FROM THE EQUATION?

20. Deakin University CRICOS Provider Code: 00113B SOLUTIONS Swift and Certain Justice 24/7 (alcohol) Breath tests 7am, 7pm daily Immediate incarceration – 8-24hrs 99% tests passed – 66% never failed one, 9% failed twice HOPE Hawaii (meth) Drug tests daily – Randomly assigned Immediate incarceration 2-3 days – servable on weekend if employed

21. Deakin University CRICOS Provider Code: 00113B SOLUTIONS Swift and Certain Justice 24/7 South Dakota – Drunk diving 78% Assaults decline by 12% Domestic assaults decline by 16%. Statewide reports of FDV declined 10% HOPE Hawaii

22. Deakin University CRICOS Provider Code: 00113B A holistic approach is the only one which ultimately work – It is time for a National Strategy to Prevent Violence AOD-related FDV is ‘low-hanging fruit’ Swift and Certain Justice for AOD-related crime AOD specific interventions for offenders – and customised support for victims with AOD problems CONCLUSIONS

23. Deakin University CRICOS Provider Code: 00113B “the alcohol industry has no role in the formulation of alcohol policies, which must be protected from distortion by commercial or vested interests” (BMJ, 2013).BMJ, 2013 THANK YOU Margaret Chan, Director of the WHO Our team: Nic Droste, Ashlee Curtis, Lucy Zinkiewicz, Florentine Martino, Arlene Walker, Elise Cox, Kerri Coomber, Beth Costa, Shannon Hyder, Steven Litherland, Anders Sonderlund, Molly Bickerton, Bianca Tassone, Ashley Rapazzo, Eric Koukounas, Andrew Day, Darren Palmer, John Toumbourou,