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And the contamination of Industrial Wasteland Adam Stanley Jonathan Beeson
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Contamination History Located in St Denis, Paris, France. Large flat industrial area served by a Canal. Previously provided utilities for the city during 19 th and 20 th centuries. Majority of industries left during the 1970’s - 80’s leaving a contaminated wasteland. As a result various contaminants remained in the soil.
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Contamination History The stadium itself is built on the site of a former gas works built in 1882. Plant produced Coal Gas (Town/ Illumination Gas) used for lighting and heating throughout Paris. Closed in the 1970’s as natural gas became the preferred option.
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Process Coal gas is produced by destructively distilling coal Coal Gas consists of: Hydrogen (H) Carbon Monoxide (CO) Methane (CH 4 ) Volatile Hydrocarbons (C n H m ) Also contains impurities: Carbon Dioxide (CO 2 ) Nitrogen (N)
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By-products By-products of producing coal gas: Coke: Coal Tar: Sulphur: Ammonia: Each have industrial uses, thus stored on site. Environmentally hazardous and damaging. Consequently the ground was left polluted. Combustible at high temperatures Group 1 carcinogenic Can form Sulphur Dioxide and Sulphuric Acid Hazardous to humans and aquatic animals
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Scale of Project Over 50,000 m 3 of soil had to be treated. Contaminant concentrations of up to 50,000 ppm. A strict construction deadline in time for the summer world cup: 31 month timeframe (full construction) The area has a complex groundwater system, flowing in multiple directions transferring contaminants.
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Remedial Measures: Phase 1 Soil/ Sediment Washing: Removes the heavily polluted soil by ‘scrubbing’ Often used in conjunction with other remedial measures Performed on site (In-situ) Long but cheap process
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Remedial Measures: Phase 1 Biological Treatment In-situ: Cheap but often timely Uses naturally occurring microorganisms to biologically degrade contaminants Barrier: Protective layer prevents pollutants from rising above the soil surface Aeration: In-situ process of injecting/ forcing air into the soil to degrade contaminants into CO 2 and water
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Remedial Measures: Phase 2 Following the first remedial works, hydrocarbons were found during construction at a depth greater than 5m. This presented two risks: Emanation of odours Risk of subsurface explosions Remediation of this phase needed to be quick as construction had begun: Groundwater and gases pumped from soil Groundwater treated on site Gases incinerated before release to atmosphere
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Alternative Remedial Measures Incineration of soil: Not economically viable due to high volumes of soil needing treatment. Solidification: Binds the contaminant in place prevent re-entry to environment. Soil Vapour Extraction: Use of pipes to collect hazardous gasses. Redistribution
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Conclusions The soil was successfully treated and all threats were mitigated / removed over a 2 year period. The 80,000 capacity stadium was built in time for the French 1998 Football World Cup. Now a 270-day a year facility, the stadium is a symbol for the regeneration of Saint Denis.
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