1. Chapter Nine
Race and Ethnicity

2. Race: Myth and Reality Myth 1— Idea That Any Race is Superior
All Races Have Geniuses and Idiots
Hitler, Hutus and Tutsis, Serbia practiced genocide (systematic attempt to annihilate a people because of their race and ethnicity)
Myth 2—Idea that Any Race is Pure
Anthropologists and biologists can’t even agree how many races there are (2- 2,000)
Human Characteristics Flow Endlessly together
Idea of race is a powerful force in everyday lives

3. Ethnic Groups
Race has little meaning biologically due to interbreeding in the human population.
Socially constructed reality, not a biological one
Ethnicity refers to cultural characteristics
Common Ancestry
Cultural Heritage
Nations of Origin
In an ethnic enclave, people interact with others in their ethnic group and feel a sense of shared identity

4. Minority and Dominant Groups
Minority Group— a category of people who have been singled out as inferior or superior, on the basis of real or alleged physical characteristics such as skin color, hair texture, eye shape, or other attributes
People singled out for unequal treatment and regard themselves as objects of discrimination
Minority Group can be racial or ethnic
Minority group not necessarily numerical minority

5. Minority and Dominant Groups
Dominant Group— group with most…
Power
Privileges
Highest Social Status
View minority group as inferior
Group has shared physical and cultural traits

6. Emergence of Minority Groups
Minority groups occur because of…
Expansion of Political Boundaries- when a group expands it incorporates people with different cultures, languages into same political entity and discriminates against them (Native Americans)
Migration- people move from one place to another and become minority (Latinos, Africans) can be voluntary and involuntary

7. Shared Characteristics of Minority Groups
Membership is an ascribed status
Physical or cultural traits held in low esteem by dominant group
Unequal treatment
Marry within own group
Feel strong group solidarity

8. Constructing Racial-Ethnic Identity
Feel firm boundaries between “us” and “them”
Size of group, power, appearance, degree of discrimination heighten or reduce ethnic identity
Some people have a strong sense of this identity some have a low sense
Ethnic Work- ideas designed to discover, enhance and maintain ethnic and racial identification

9. Prejudice
A negative attitude based on generalizations about members of selected racial, ethnic, or other groups
Ethnocentrism: tendency to regard one’s own culture and group as the standard
Stereotypes: overgeneralizations about the appearance, behavior, or other characteristics of members of particular categories

10. Prejudice and Discrimination
Common throughout the world
Discrimination is an action
Unfair treatment directed toward someone
Racial discrimination is racism
Discrimination results from prejudice
Attitude (usually negative, can be positive)
Based on race, religion, etc.
Ku Klux Klan and Neo-Nazis

11. Prejudice and Discrimination
Learning Prejudice- not born with prejudice, learn it from those around us. People that are prejudice against one group are usually prejudiced against other groups
Internalizing Dominant Norms- prejudice against your own group- African- Americans and skin color (internalize norms of dominant group)
Implicit Association Test by Anthony Greenwald word association equal with both blacks and whites

12. Extent of Prejudice
Each Racial-Ethnic group views other groups as inferior in some way
Dislike of one group associated with dislike of other groups
Older, less educated more prejudiced

13. Two Major Categories of Discrimination
Individual Discrimination- negative treatment of one person by another (isolate and small group)
Institutional Discrimination- negative treatment of a group that is built into societies institutions (direct and indirect)

14. Four Types of Discrimination
Isolate discrimination A prejudiced judge giving harsher sentences to African American defendants
Small-group discrimination Small group of white students defacing a professor’s office with racist epithets
Direct institutionalized discrimination Intentional exclusion of people of color from public accommodations
Indirect institutionalized discrimination Special education classes may have contributed to racial stereotyping

15. Home Mortgage and Car Loans
Black and Latinos are more likely to be turned down for a loan, pay higher interest rates

16. Theories of Prejudice
Psychological Perspectives of Prejudice Aggression theory- Prejudice is the result of frustration, people find group to blame they become the scapegoat (usually a racial, ethnic or religious minority) Frustration –Aggression Hypothesis- The view that frustration, or failure to reach a certain desired goal due to circumstance, often leads to aggression, or behavior which intends harm. Authoritarian Personality- Adorno study (1950) concluded highly prejudiced people are insecure conformists, respect of authority and submissive to superiors, have a strong sense of right and wrong Anxious when confronted with norms and values different than their own

17. Sociological Perspectives
Functionalism- (large group relationships) social environment can be arranged to generate positive or negative feelings about people . Prejudice is dysfunctional to a society, destroys human relationships
Prejudice is functional because it can create in- group solidarity
Conflict Theory- (large group relationships) arrangements benefit those with power
Capitalists keep workers divided and insecure (fear of unemployment) exploit racial and ethnic strife (can make gains only at the expense of others)

18. Symbolic Interactionism
Labels Create Prejudice- when we apply labels to groups we see its members as all alike
Symbolic Interactionists- labels we learn effect the ways we see people, cause selective perception
Contact Hypothesis Contact between divergent groups should be positive as long as group members have equal status, purse same goals and cooperate, and receive positive feedback during interaction
Self-Fulfilling Prophesy- stereotypes and labels can produce behavior depicted in the stereotype. Places limits on the other group and this attitude creates a self fulfilling prophesy

19. Global Patterns of Intergroup Relations
Six basic patterns that characterize the relationship of dominant and minority groups
Genocide – labels allow us to compartmentalize groups and separate moral action and regard groups as inferior
Population Transfer- two types indirect and direct
Internal Colonialism- countries dominant group exploits a minority group for economic advantage

20. Global Patterns of Intergroup Relations
4. Segregation- formal separation of racial or ethnic groups, allows dominant group to maintain social distance yet exploit minority group
5. Assimilation- minority group is absorbed into dominant culture
(two types-forced, permissible)
6. Multiculturalism- encourages and permits racial variation. Minority groups maintain identity, participate in countries social institutions

22. A Dream Deferred by Langston Hughes
What happens to a dream deferred?
Does it dry up
Like a raisin in the sun?
Or fester like a sore --
And then run?
Does it stink like rotten meat?
Or crust and sugar over --
like a syrupy sweet?
Maybe it just sags
like a heavy load.
Or does it explode?

23. Gordon Allport’s The Nature of Prejudice
Two types of responses to being consistently hated--
Intropunitive: Hate, accepted by the minority as appropriate and deserving.
Minority group member defines himself as deserving of the hatred.
Cause of the hatred is seen as being a flaw within his/her own group.
Extropunitive: The hate, rejected by the minority as inappropriate and undeserved.
Minority group defines the majority as the reason for the hatred
Flaw is in the character of the majority, not the minority.

24. Gordon Allport’s The Nature of Prejudice
Intropunitive
Agreeing with the majority -- The stereotypes and prescriptions accepted.
In-group aggression -- The minority group member attacks (physically or verbally) himself, his group, or members of his group who are slightly, but identifiably, different.
Denial of membership -- individual simply claims to belong to some other group or he changes his appearance somehow to soften his membership.
Symbolic status striving -- Having little or no socially accepted status within himself, the member seeks some external source of status.
Withdrawal and passivity -- The victim of the hate - frustrated with his status - gives up, retreats, becomes a non-person.

25. Gordon Allport’s The Nature of Prejudice
Extropunitive 
Militancy -- The member fights back unfair hatred either physically or otherwise.
Enhanced striving -- acknowledge the fact that the majority is not willing to accept him at face value, the member of a minority resolves himself to attain perfection, to give the hostile groups no avenue of attack.
Slyness and cunning -- Member uses less acceptable ways to out-wit or fool the majority. He becomes street wise rather than getting a Ph.D.
In-group cohesion -- Realizing that the majority is hostile, the minority group members become more reliant on the protection and support of others like themselves. They "circle the wagons" in anticipation of attack.
Obsessive concern -- After having experienced the hatred, some members may experience something similar to group paranoia: they see the hatred even in places where it may not exist.

26. Racial and Ethnic Relations in the United States
Major ethnic groups in the US
European Americans
Latinos
African Americans
Asian Americans
Native Americans

27. Racial and Ethnic Relations in the United States
European Americans
Extremely ethnocentric
Looked down on people without English ancestry
Forced immigrants to assimilate to their “ways” to fit in
Ethnic groups give up culture to conform

28. Racial and Ethnic Relations in the United States
Latinos
Largest ethnic minority group
Majority from Mexico
Spanish language defines Latinos from other groups, growth of Spanish in US has caused backlash in some areas
Large cultural, class differences between country of origin
Diversity has inhibited unity, causes political underrepresentation
Many Latinos experience economic disadvantages
Cubans typically better off, Puerto Ricans lowest on indicators of well being

30. Racial and Ethnic Relations in the United States
African Americans
Faced long history of racism (slavery to segregation to modern discrimination)
Civil Rights Movement improved conditions of African Americans
End of forced segregation, legal discrimination
Recently gains in income, education, politics
William Julius Wilson- social class has replaced race as determinant of quality of life for African Americans
Improvement through getting better paying jobs
Some sociologists claim this analysis overlooks discrimination that continues (subtle racism)

31. Asian Americans
History of discrimination- Anti Chinese immigration laws, forced internment of Japanese Americans during WWII
Following war discrimination diminished
Currently highest median income of all ethnic groups
Score high on indicators of well being
Chinese, Japanese low rates of poverty, Vietnamese high rates of poverty
Three factors of success- a) family life b) education c) assimilation into mainstream culture

32. Racial and Ethnic Relations in the United States
Native Americans
Image distorted by media
Not a single cultural entity
Disease, warfare caused huge loss of population
Anglo-American cruelty, forced relocation
Worst off of all ethnic minority groups
High rates of poverty, alcoholism, lower life expectancy
Pan-Indiamisim movement works for better life

33. Growing Racial and Ethnic Diversity in the U.S.
In 1980 white Americans made up 80% of the population.
In 2000, white Americans made up 70% of the population.
By 2056, the roots of the average U.S. resident will be in Africa, Asia, Hispanic countries, the Pacific Islands, or Arabia—not white Europe.

34. Looking toward the Future
3 major issues face society today
Immigration- America land of immigrants recently debate has intensified
Affirmative Action- used to close economic, employment gap and to remedy past wrongs
Some argue it stigmatizes people, rewards people less qualified
Multicultural Society- ultimate goal, look beyond biological differences, allow all to participate with full social and political power