1. Cardiovascular System
Blood

2. Functions of Blood Transport of: Regulation of pH and osmosis
Gases, nutrients, waste products
Processed molecules
Regulatory molecules
Regulation of pH and osmosis
Maintenance of body temperature
Protection against foreign substances
Clot formation

3. Composition of Blood

4. Plasma Liquid part of blood
Pale yellow made up of 91% water, 9% other
Colloid: Liquid containing suspended substances that don’t settle out
Albumin: Important in regulation of water movement between tissues and blood
Globulins: Immune system or transport molecules
Fibrinogen: Responsible for formation of blood clots

5. Formed Elements Red blood cells (erythrocytes)
White blood cells (leukocytes)
Granulocytes
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Agranulocytes
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Platelets (thrombocytes)

6. Production of Formed Elements
Hematopoiesis or hemopoiesis: Process of blood cell production
Stem cells: All formed elements derived from single population
Proerythroblasts: Develop into red blood cells
Myeloblasts: Develop into basophils, neutrophils, eosinophils
Lymphoblasts: Develop into lymphocytes
Monoblasts: Develop into monocytes
Megakaryoblasts: Develop into platelets

7. Hematopoiesis

8. Erythrocytes Structure Components Function Biconcave, anucleate
Hemoglobin
Lipids, ATP, carbonic anhydrase
Function
Transport oxygen from lungs to tissues and carbon dioxide from tissues to lungs

9. Hemoglobin Consists of:
4 globin molecules: Transport carbon dioxide (carbonic anhydrase involved), nitric oxide
4 heme molecules: Transport oxygen
Iron is required for oxygen transport

10. Erythropoiesis Production of red blood cells
Stem cells proerythroblasts early erythroblasts intermediate late reticulocytes
Erythropoietin: Hormone to stimulate RBC production

11. Hemoglobin Breakdown

12. Leukocytes
Types
Neutrophils: Most common; phagocytic cells destroy bacteria (60%)
Eosinophils: Detoxify chemicals; reduce inflammation (4%)
Basophils: Alergic reactions; Release histamine, heparin increase inflam. response (1%)
Lymphocytes: Immunity 2 types; b & t Cell types. IgG-infection, IgM-microbes, IgA-Resp & GI, IgE- Alergy, IgD-immune response
Monocytes: Become macrophages
Protect body against microorganisms and remove dead cells and debris
Movements
Ameboid
Diapedesis
Chemotaxis
Passive Immunity
Active Immunity
Antigen – Antibody

13. Leukocytes

14. Thrombocytes
Cell fragments pinched off from megakaryocytes in red bone marrow
Important in preventing blood loss
Platelet plugs
Promoting formation and contraction of clots

15. Hemostasis Arrest of bleeding Events preventing excessive blood loss
Vascular spasm: Vasoconstriction of damaged blood vessels
Platelet plug formation
Coagulation or blood clotting

16. Platelet Plug Formation

17. Coagulation Stages Pathways Activation of prothrombinase
Conversion of prothrombin to thrombin
Conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin
Pathways
Extrinsic
Intrinsic

18. Clot Formation

19. Fibrinolysis
Clot dissolved by activity of plasmin, an enzyme which hydrolyzes fibrin

20. Blood Grouping
Determined by antigens (agglutinogens) on surface of RBCs
Antibodies (agglutinins) can bind to RBC antigens, resulting in agglutination (clumping) or hemolysis (rupture) of RBCs
Groups
ABO and Rh

21. ABO Blood Groups

22. Agglutination Reaction

23. Rh Blood Group First studied in rhesus monkeys Types
Rh positive: Have these antigens present on surface of RBCs
Rh negative: Do not have these antigens present
Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)
Mother produces anti-Rh antibodies that cross placenta and cause agglutination and hemolysis of fetal RBCs

24. Erythroblastosis Fetalis

25. Diagnostic Blood Tests
Type and crossmatch
Complete blood count
Red blood count
Hemoglobin measurement
Hematocrit measurement
White blood count
Differential white blood count
Clotting

26. Blood Disorders Erythrocytosis: RBC overabundance
Anemia: Deficiency of hemoglobin
Iron-deficiency
Pernicious
Hemorrhagic
Hemolytic
Sickle-cell
Hemophilia
Thrombocytopenia
Leukemia
Septicemia
Malaria
Infectious mononucleosis
Hepatitis

27. Anemia cont…
Pernicious anemia is a type of anemia. The term "anemia" usually refers to a condition in which the blood has a lower than normal number of red blood cells. In pernicious anemia, the body can't make enough healthy red blood cells because it doesn't have enough vitamin B12.
Without enough vitamin B12, your red blood cells don't divide normally and are too large. They may have trouble getting out of the bone marrow—a sponge-like tissue inside the bones where blood cells are made.
Without enough red blood cells to carry oxygen to your body, you may feel tired and weak. Severe or long-lasting pernicious anemia can damage the heart, brain, and other organs in the body.
Pernicious anemia also can cause other problems, such as nerve damage, neurological problems (such as memory loss), and digestive tract problems. People who have pernicious anemia also may be at higher risk for weakened bone strength and stomach cancer.
Hemolytic anemia occurs when the bone marrow is unable to replace the red blood cells that are being destroyed
Leukemia: When you have leukemia, the bone marrow starts to make a lot of abnormal whiteblood cells, called leukemia cells. They don't do the work of normal white blood cells, they grow faster than normal cells, and they don't stop growing when they should.
Over time, leukemia cells can crowd out the normal blood cells. This can lead to serious problems such as anemia, bleeding, and infections. Leukemia cells can also spread to the lymph nodes or other organs and cause swelling or pain.

28. Blood disorders
Sepsis is an extreme immunesystem response to an infection that has spread throughout the blood and tissues