1. Anatomy of Bones and Joints
Chapter 7
Anatomy of Bones and Joints
Bone Trabeculae
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2. Articulations place where 2 bones come together
Joints have varying degrees of movement
named according to bones or parts of bones involved

3. Classes of Joints according to 3 Types Function
Type of connective tissue that binds bones together
Presence or absence of fluid between the bones
3 Types
Fibrous joints
Cartilaginous joints
Synovial joints

4. Classes of Joints 1. Fibrous Joints
bones are connected by fibrous tissue with no joint cavity (capable of little or no movement)
Sutures
involve interdigitating bones held together by dense fibrous connective tissue (occur between most skull bones)
Syndesmoses
with fibrous ligaments (ex = radius and ulna)
Gomphoses
pegs fit into sockets and are held in place by periodontal ligaments (teeth in the jaws)
Synostoses
possible ossification of some sutures and other joints

5. Fig 7.38

6. Fig 7.39

7. Fig 7.40

8. Classes of Joints 2. Cartilaginous Joints Synchondroses Symphyses
bones are joined by hyaline cartilage
Ex. Epiphyseal plates
Symphyses
slightly movable joints made of fibrocartilage
Ex. Pubic symphysis

9. Tab. 7.7

10. Classes of Joints 3. Synovial Joints capable of considerable movement
consist of
Articular cartilage on ends of bones
smooth surface for articulation
Articular disks and menisci can provide additional support
joint cavity surrounded by a joint capsule of fibrous connective tissue
holds bones together while permitting flexibility
synovial membrane produces synovial fluid
lubricates the joint

11. Fig 7.41

12. Classes of Joints Synovial Joints
Bursae: extensions of synovial joints that protect skin, tendons, or bone from structures that could rub against them
Synovial joints are classified according to the shape of the adjoining articular surfaces
Plane: two flat surfaces
Pivot: cylindrical projection inside a ring
Hinge: concave and convex surfaces
Ball-and-socket: rounded surface into a socket
Ellipsoid: ellipsoid concave and convex surfaces
Saddle: two saddle-shaped surfaces

13. Tab. 7.8

14. Tab. 7.8(Contd.)

15. Types of Movement Gliding Movements Angular Movement
Occur when two flat surfaces glide over one another
Angular Movement
Flexion and extension, plantar flexion and dorsiflexion, and abduction and adduction
Circular Movements
Rotation, pronation and supination, and circumduction
Special Movements
Elevation, depression, protraction, retraction, excursion, opposition, reposition, inversion and eversion
Combination Movements
Two or more other movements

16. Fig 7.42

17. Fig 7.43

18. Fig 7.44

19. Fig 7.45

20. Fig 7.46

21. Fig 7.47

22. Temporomandibular Joint
Complex gliding and hinge joint between the temporal and mandibular bones
Capable of elevation, depression, protraction, retraction, and lateral and medial excursion movements
Fig 7.48

23. Shoulder Joint
Ball-and-socket joint between the head of humerus and glenoid cavity of scapula
Strengthened by ligaments and muscles of rotator cuff
Tendon of biceps brachii passes through joint capsule
Capable of flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation, and circumduction
Fig 7.48

24. Elbow Joint Compound hinge joint between humerus, ulna, and radius
Movement at this joint is limited to flexion and extension
Fig 7.48

25. Hip Joint
Ball-and-socket joint between head of femur and acetabulum of the coxal bone
Capable of flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation, and circumduction
Fig 7.48

26. Knee Joint Complex ellipsoid joint between femur and tibia
supported by many ligaments
Allows flexion, extension, and slight rotation of the leg
Fig 7.49

27. Page 187

28. Ankle Joint and Arches of the Foot
special hinge joint of tibia, fibula, and talus that allows dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, inversion and eversion of the foot
Ligaments of foot arches hold bones in an arch and transfer weight in the foot
Fig 7.50

29. Page 189

30. Effects of Aging on the Joints
Connective tissue of the joints becomes less flexible and less elastic
Results in joint rigidity
Increases the rate of wear on the articulating surfaces
Reduces the range of motion