1. Male Reproductive System
Unit 5: Reproduction
Male Reproductive System
Female Reproductive System

2. Label the following diagram
Bladder
Rectum
Vas deferens
Seminal Vesicle
Urethra
Ejaculatory duct
Prostate gland
Penis
Cowper’s gland
Glans
3% of boys are born with testes that have not descended properly – can be corrected surgically
Epididymis
Prepuce (Foreskin)
Testis
The scrotum regulates the temperature of the testes.
Scrotum
Sperm form best at 35oC.

3. Label the following diagram
Ureter (carries urine from kidney to bladder)
Bladder
Seminal Vesicle
Prostate gland
Cowper’s gland
Epididymis
Vas deferens
Vasa (ductus) deferentia
Testes
Urethra
Link with pictures

4. Test Yourself Vas Deferens Seminal Vesicles Prostate gland
Cowper’s gland
Epididymis
Testis
Scrotum
Penis
Pubic Bone
Bladder
Urethra

5. Wall of Seminiferous tubule
Male Testes
Vas deferens
Interstitial Cells
In between seminiferous
tubules.
Produce testosterone
epididymis
Seminiferous
Tubules
Where sperm
are made
sperm
Developing
Follicles (n)
Sperm
Sertoli
Cell
Follicle (2n)
Wall of Seminiferous tubule
Nourishes sperm, secretes inhibin, spermatogenesis, stimulated by FSH and testosterone

6. Testes- sperm formation
Follicle

7. Testes Sertoli cells in Seminiferous tubules Interstitial cells
Contain:
Sertoli Cells (in seminiferous tubules)
Secrete chemicals required for the nourishment and development of sperm cells
Responsible for spermatogenesis.
Protection from man’s immune system
Produce inhibin hormone to slow sperm production
Influenced by FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) from pituitary and by testosterone from interstitial cells.
2. Interstitial Cells (b/w seminiferous tubules)
Produce testosterone
Influenced by LH (leutinizing hormone) from the pituitary
Sertoli cells in Seminiferous tubules
Interstitial cells

8. Diagram from Diploma Exam
3. sperm
Meiosis
4. Sertoli cell
2. follicles
1. Interstitial cells

9. Contains an enzyme to penetrate layers surrounding the ovum
Sperm
Head
Acrosome and nucleus
(23 chromosomes)
Middle
Mitochondria
for energy
Contains an enzyme to penetrate layers surrounding the ovum
Tail
Flagellum
for swimming
Sperm moves at a rate of 3mm/hour
Life span of a sperm cell:
In the epididymis - many years
In semen – at body temperature, days
Stored at -100oC - many years
Watch sperm swim

10. Pathway of Sperm The Great Sperm Race
Testes
Vas deferens
Ejaculatory duct
Epididymis
Vas deferens
Ejaculatory Duct
Urethra
Epididymis

11. Scrotum and Epididymis
- Skin and muscle covering the testes
- Allows sperm to develop at optimal temperature (35oC)
Scrotum
Epididymis
- storage and maturation of sperm
- the immune system destroys the “bad” sperm
- develop a flagellum to swim.
Epididymis

12. Vas Deferens and Ejaculatory Duct
Ductus (Vas) Deferens – carries sperm from epididimus-> ejaculatory duct
Vas deferens
Ejaculatory duct
Ejaculatory Duct
regulates the movement of semen into the urethra.
In Latin, the term “deferens” means “to carry”
(A sphincter regulates the removal of urine from the bladder.)

13. Penis and Urethra Urethra
- carries semen (reproductive system) and urine (excretory system).

14. an acronym to remember the order
Seminal Fluid
Student Price Card
an acronym to remember the order
Secreted by Accessory Glands:
Seminal Vesicle
Prostate gland
3/4 ml/ejaculate contains 500 million sperm
Cowper’s gland

15. Seminal Fluid (Semen) 1) Seminal vesicles - 60% of total fluid
Contains fructose for energy
and Prostaglandins which cause rhythmic contractions of the smooth muscles in female, which help sperm move up the uterus.
Seminal Vesicle
Prostate gland
3/4 ml/ejaculate contains 500 million sperm
Cowper’s gland

16. Seminal Fluid (Semen) 2) Prostate gland:
alkaline buffer and mucus that protects sperm against acidic environments in the urethra and the vagina.
Increases mobility of sperm
Seminal Vesicle
Prostate gland
3/4 ml/ejaculate contains 500 million sperm
Cowper’s gland

17. Prostate Cancer
Prostate cancer – Due to genetics, diet and lifestyle. Symptoms: Difficulty urinating, blood in urine, erectile dysfunction. Diagnose with a rectal exam. (Start testing at ~age 40.)
Prostate gland
3/4 ml/ejaculate contains

19. Sperm + seminal fluids = semen
Seminal Fluid (Semen)
3) Cowper’s gland:
Secretes a mucus and alkaline buffer prior to ejaculation
protects against acid in urine and increases mobility.
May contain sperm (reason for high failure rate of withdrawal method)
Seminal Vesicle
Prostate gland
Cowper’s gland
3/4 ml/ejaculate contains 500 million sperm
Sperm + seminal fluids = semen

20. Semen
In one ejaculate there is about 3 – 4 mL of fluid and about 40 – 100 million sperm cells per mL
(Note: at least a few dozen must reach the egg to ensure fertilization!)
Seminal Vesicle
Prostate gland
3/4 ml/ejaculate contains 500 million sperm
Cowper’s gland

21. Penis Delivers semen to female vagina
Arterioles dilate  increase blood flow Fills with blood to become erect
Compresses veins that carry blood away from penis  pressure builds  erection
Dilation of the arteries (erection) of the penis is under the influence of the parasympathetic nervous system.

22. The Great Sperm Race
Ejaculation: the release of semen through the urethra
Ejaculation is accomplished by the contraction of the vas deferens, the prostate and the muscles at the base of the penis, under the influence of the sympathetic nervous system.
Refractory period: period of time that must pass prior to a second erection.

25. How is a penis like a camera?
Because for both you just Point and Shoot...
Point = Parasympathetic… controls erections
Shoot = Sympathetic
controls ejaculations

26. Impotency Impotency: inability to produce or maintain an erection.
Possible causes:
- hormone imbalance
- problem with parasympathetic nerves (damage)
-drugs / alcohol / smoking
-Stress

27. Puberty in boys
Puberty is when the reproductive system completes its development and becomes fully functional
Puberty begins when the hypothalamus begins releasing gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)
GnRH acts on the anterior pituitary to produce FSH and LH
Puberty begins

28. Hormonal Control Testosterone- stimulates: Brain spermatogenesis
primary characteristics (reproductive organs)
secondary characteristics (deepening of voice, facial and pubic hair, muscle growth)
Inhibin – produced by the Sertoli cells to inhibit FSH production which slows sperm production
Master
Gland

29. _ _ Hypothalamus (GnRH) Anterior pituitary Testis Interstitial inhibin
Draw it!
Hypothalamus
(GnRH)
Anterior pituitary _
FSH LH _
Testis
Sertoli cells
Interstitial
Cells
inhibin
Sperm production
Testosterone

30. Andropause Decline in testosterone production in men
Happens around age 40
Results in depression, fatigue, drop in sperm production, and loss of muscle and bone mass
Treatment: testosterone supplements, exercise

31. Male Reproductive System (within testes – not visible here)
Mini-Review
1. Arrange the following structures in the order that sperm passes through them:
vas deferens
urethra
epididymis
seminiferous tubules
ejaculatory duct
1. vas deferens
5. ejaculatory duct
3. epididymis
2. urethra
4. seminiferous tubules
(within testes – not visible here)
4, 3, 1, 5, 2

32. Male Reproductive System
Mini-Review
2. What is the significance of the acrosome of the sperm?
A: The acrosome contains enzymes needed to help the sperm penetrate through the protective layer surrounding a female egg

33. Male Reproductive System
Mini-Review
3. What is the difference between interstitial cells and Sertoli cells?
Interstitial cells:
Located between seminiferous tubules
Secrete testosterone
Sertoli cells:
Located inside seminiferous tubules
Nourish and support developing sperm
Responsible for spermatogenesis
Release inhibin

34. Male Reproductive System
Mini-Review
3. Where are sperm made?
Seminiferous Tubules
Follicle cells are stimulated by the sertoli cells to undergo meiosis.

35. Label the following diagram
fallopian tube (oviduct)
ureter
ovary
fimbriae
uterus
bladder
cervix
urethra
clitoris
vagina
labium minora
labium majora

36. Label the following diagram
fallopian tube (usual site of fertilization)
Endometrium
(uterine lining)
Fimbriae (catches the egg)
Uterus (usual site of implantation)
Ovary (oogenesis, estrogen and progesterone)
Cervix (opening of uterus)
Vagina (birth canal)

37. Ovaries – site of oogenesis
Females have 2 ovaries, which alternate each month to produce an egg/ovum (oogenesis).
Follicles: ovum (egg) (female gametes) & accessory cells (“Granulosa cells”), secrete estrogen
Corpus luteum: secretes hormones (Estrogen & Progesterone) .
Fallopian tube
ovary
Ovaries contain ~ 400,000 egg cells, but only ~ 400 actually mature between the ages of 12 – 50.

38. Ovum (egg) NOVA: The Egg’s Journey sperm Ovary
The egg is larger than sperm because the cytoplasm in the egg has to provide enough nutrients for 5 days if the egg is fertilized.
Add characteristics of the ovum
sperm
Ovary
The ovum lives for 24 hours after ovulation.
NOVA: The Egg’s Journey

39. Ovulation - When a follicle matures, it ruptures, releasing the ovum
Fimbrae - picks up ovum from ovary (finger-like extensions of fallopian tube)
Fallopian tube (Oviducts) passage from ovary to uterus; site of fertilization
Fallopian tube
Fimbriae
ovary

40. Uterus Uterus – site of embryo development, two layers:
Endometrium
Uterus – site of embryo development, two layers:
endometrium – nourishes embryo; shed during menstruation; blood vessel rich
Myometrium – muscular layer
Cervix – muscular opening to uterus
cells constantly shed and replaced
Vagina – entrance for the penis as well as birth canal
Uterus
cervix
vagina
Uterus – pear shape and size
A pap smear checks for changes in the cells of the cervix. Changes may indicate infection, unhealthy cervical cells, or cervical cancer (can be caused by HPV(genital warts).

41. Fertilization and Implantation
Pathway for sperm:
vagina
cervix
uterus
Fallopian tube
Fallopian tube
Uterus
cervix
Fertilization usually occurs in the fallopian tubes and implantation occurs in the uterus.
vagina

42. Puberty in Girls
At puberty, the hypothalamus releases gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)
GnRH activates the anterior pituitary to release FSH and LH
FSH secretions are carried by the blood to the ovary where follicle development is stimulated.
The follicles within the ovary secrete estrogen into the blood which stimulates the development of the secondary female characteristics: breasts, hair, wider hips.

43. Female Reproductive Goals
Develop follicle (egg)
Develop Endometrium
Ovulate
Fertilize and Implant
Maintain Corpus Luteum and Endometrium
(or shed to reset for next month)
This is all accomplished via horomonal control!!!!!!!!

44. Oogenesis: female meiosis!
Begins before birth in ovaries…
1 oogonia (2n)
 differentiates into 1 primary oocyte (2n)
Meiosis I stops at Prophase I until puberty
After puberty…
Each month, 1 primary oocyte finishes Meiosis I
 1 secondary oocyte (1n) & 1 polar body (1n)
 Ovulation: secondary oocyte to fallopian tubes
IF fertilized…
secondary oocyte (1n)  Meiosis II
 1 Ovum (1n) & 1 polar body

45. Menstrual Cycle Estrogen Progesterone and estrogen
~28 days long
Estrogen
From pituitary:
FSH
follicles
Immature follicles (2n)
Ovum (n) LH
Ovum released – ovulation (day 14)
Girls have 2 million folicles, some will degenerate and are left by puberty, but only 400 will mature
Meiosis II occurs
in fallopian tube
if fertilized
Corpus luteum
Progesterone and estrogen
Order of hormones: FELP

46. Hormones of the Menstrual Cycle
GnRH: stimulated by high levels of E, inhibited by high E & P, causes FSH/LH release
FSH: promotes follicle growth
LH: promotes ovulation, corpus luteum formation  E & P production

47. Hormones of the Menstrual Cycle
High E & P: promotes growth of endometrium, inhibits menstruation, inhibits GnRH  inhibits FSH/LH inhibits follicle growth & ovulation
decrease of E & P triggers menstruation

48. Hormones of the Menstrual Cycle
hCG (“human chorionic gonadotropin hormone”):
hormone secreted by embryo;
prevents corpus luteum breakdown  allows E & P to stay high
pregnancy test: checks hCG in urine

49. Follicle Corpus luteum
Draw it!
Hypothalamus
(GnRH)
Anterior pituitary
FSH LH
(-) For FSH & LH
(-)
For FSH
Ovary
Follicle
Corpus luteum
(+)
For LH
Estrogen
Progesterone and estrogen

50. Menstrual Cycle: ~28 days
1. Flow phase (Day 1-5)
endometrium is shed; follicle growth in ovary
Estrogen and progesterone levels are low
Flow Phase

51. Menstrual Cycle: ~28 days
2. Follicular phase (Days 6-13):
follicles grow and mature
 secrete Estrogen
endometrium thickens
Stimulates GnRH & LH
FollicularPhase

52. Menstrual Cycle: ~28 days
3. Ovulation (Day 14): LH peaks causing secondary oocyte to burst from the follicle in the ovary into oviduct
Ovulation

53. Menstrual Cycle 4. Luteal Phase (Day 15-28)
LH causes corpus luteum to develop from follicle
 corpus luteum secretes E&P
Endometrium thickens and is maintained (progesteroneprevents contractions)
Inhibits GnRH, LH & FSH (negative-feedback)
Luteal Phase

54. Menstrual Cycle: ~28 days1. 3.
Label the hormones:
FELP LH 2. 4.

55. Menstrual Cycle Animations
1) ects/1115/ /36_1_7a_plain.html
2) ects/1115/ /36_2_1a_plain.html

56. Hormone Review 1. FSH 2. Estrogen Target: follicles in the ovary
Effect: Egg and estrogen
2. Estrogen
Target: various cells, endometrium, hypothalamus
Effect: development of 1o (reproductive organs) and 2o sexual characteristics (higher voice, larger hips); neg. feedback to decrease FSH; positive feedback to increase LH production; growth of endometrium
(+) LH
(-)
(-)
(-)

57. Hormone Review 3. LH 4. Progesterone
Target: follicle (ovulation) corpus luteum
Effect: ovulation and progesterone and estrogen production
4. Progesterone
Target: endometrium and hypothalamus
Effect: thicken and maintain endometrium (inhibit contractions); negative feedback to stop FSH and LH
(+) LH
(-)
(-)
(-)

58. Ovary LH from pituitary 4 3 1 2 Estrogen Corpus luteum Ovum Ovulation
Progesterone and estrogen 3
LH from pituitary
Ovum
Corpus luteum
Ovulation 1
FSH
From Pituitary n 2n
Follicles 2
Estrogen

59. Hormones Controlling X = _______ W = ______ Z = _______ Y = _______
Menstruation
X = _______
FSH
W = ______
Estrogen
Z = _______ LH
Y = _______
Progesterone

60. Degernating corpus luteum

61. Low estrogen and progesterone.
1. The loss of the endometrium (a monthly occurrence during the reproductive phase of a female’s life) is termed ___________ and occurs over approximately ____ days.
menstruation
4-5
2. The endometrium is shed on a monthly basis but the immediate reason is because of :
Low estrogen and progesterone.

62. Progesterone
& estrogen
drop 3 times
stimulating
3 menstruations

63. The numbered blocks represent hormones
The numbered blocks represent hormones. Which hormone corresponds to each number?
______
Progesterone
Estrogen
FSH LH 4 3 2 1

64. Which color represents which hormones?
Progesterone
Blood
Concentration of Menstrual Hormones
Estrogen LH
FSH

65. Answer the questions in your workbook using the following picture
follicular
Which phase is dominated by estrogen?______________
Which phase is dominated by progesterone? _____________
The sharp rise in temperature signals what event?______________
luteal
ovulation

66. Draw the ovary and label it

67. Menstrual Cycle: If pregnancy does not occur
Estrogen and Progesterone levels drop
Endometrium lining is shed
Bleeding occurs - menstruation

68. For the first 3 months stimulated by hCG
1. Predict, with a sketch, what each diagram/graph should look like if a woman were to become pregnant at around day 21.
Day 45
For the first 3 months stimulated by hCG
Estrogen and Prog. cause growth of the endometrium
Progesterone prevents contractions
Endometrium forms part of placenta

69. Menopause Occurs at around ~50 Ova are no longer produced
This changes hormone production as well
Symptoms: hot flashes, high cholesterol and decreasing bone mass
Hormone replacement therapy – women are given low doses of estrogen (some progesterone)
But this has many side effects.
Hot flashes – blood vessels dilate and constrict quickly
Complete the Menstrual Cycle Assignment

70. Meiosis in Males and Females
Males - Spermatogenesis
Location : testes
Females - Oogenesis
Location: ovaries
Follicle 2N
Follicle 2N
Meiosis 1
Meiosis 1 N N N N
Meiosis 2
Meiosis 2 N N N N N N N N
1 egg and 3 polar bodies
Egg (ovum) gets most of the cytoplasm. Polar bodies die and are absorbed by body.
4 equal sperm

71. 150 – 300 million sperm travel though the cervix to the uterus.
100 – 500 sperm reach the oviducts
Recall - egg has large cytoplasm, sperm very little cytoplasm. The cytoplasm of the egg has to nourish the zygote for approximately ________
5 days

72. In the Fallopian Tube
Meiosis II 2n
fertilization n n