1. Chapter # 18 Land Resources pg. 401 - 424

2. In-class Discussion Readers: Chapter # 1 - Me Chapter # 2 – David Dudley Chapter # 3 – Elisabeth Goodrich (Izzie) Chapter # 4 – James McLeod Chapter # 5 – Labecca Hampton and Jessica Vidal Chapter # 6 – Patrick Grennan and Scott Arnold Chapter # 7 – William Arnold Chapter # 8 – Crisy Overgard Chapter # 9 – Juan Rodriguez

3. o Land Use World land use World land use US land use US land use o Wilderness Parks and Wildlife Refuges National Parks National Parks Wildlife Refuge Wildlife Refuge o Forests Forest management Forest management Deforestation Deforestation o Rangeland and Agricultural Land o Wetlands and Coastal Areas o Conservation of Land Resources Chapter # 18 Land “Use”?

4. Land Use Worldwide – A Global Perspective

5. Land Use in the United States

6. Land Use- United States o 55% of US land is privately owned o Remainder of land is owned by government Most federally owned land is in Alaska and 11 western states Most federally owned land is in Alaska and 11 western states

7. Managing Public - Private Lands o Public Planning and Land Use Land use decisions are complex and have multiple effects Land use decisions are complex and have multiple effects Must take into account all repercussions of proposed land use Must take into account all repercussions of proposed land use o Management of Federal Land Wise-Use Movement Wise-Use Movement Environmental Movement Environmental Movement

8. Wilderness Areas o Some areas have a limited number of human guests to reduce impacts. o Other problems include invasive species. o Wilderness A protected area of land in which no human development is permitted. A protected area of land in which no human development is permitted. o Wilderness Act (1964) Set aside federally owned land as part of National Wilderness Preservation System Set aside federally owned land as part of National Wilderness Preservation System No development permitted (including roads) No development permitted (including roads) o Managed by NPS, USFS, FWS & BLM

9. Wilderness Areas

10. Wilderness Parks and National Forests

11. National Wildlife Refuges

12. National Park System o Created in 1916 o Currently includes 58 parks o Primary goal Teach people about the natural environment, management of natural resources and history of a site Teach people about the natural environment, management of natural resources and history of a site Yosemite National Park

13. National Park System o Threats Crime & Vandalism Crime & Vandalism Traffic jams Traffic jams Pollution Pollution inside & outside inside & outside Resource violations Resource violations o Natural Regulation Policy to let nature take it course Policy to let nature take it course No culling wildlife No culling wildlife No suppressing wildfire No suppressing wildfire

14. U.S. National Wildlife Refuges o National Wildlife Refuge System (1903) o Represent all major o ecosystems in the US o Mission Preserve lands and waters for the conservation of fishes, wildlife and plants of the US. Preserve lands and waters for the conservation of fishes, wildlife and plants of the US. o Recreation (including hunting andfishing) are permitted Cannot impede conservation efforts Cannot impede conservation efforts

15. Forests o Role in Hydrologic Cycle (right) o Forest Management o Deforestation o Forest Trends in the US o Trends in Tropical Forests o Boreal Forests

16. Forest Management o Traditional Forest Management Low diversity- monocultures (right) Low diversity- monocultures (right) Managed for timber production Managed for timber production o Ecological Sustainable Forest Management Environmentally balanced Environmentally balanced Diverse trees Diverse trees Prevent soil erosion Prevent soil erosion Preserve watersheds Preserve watersheds Wildlife corridors- unlogged Wildlife corridors- unlogged

17. Harvesting Trees

18. Harvesting Trees - Clearcutting

19. Deforestation o Temporary or permanent clearance of large expanses of forest for agriculture or other use o World forests shrank 90 million acres from 2000– 2005 o Causes Fire Fire Expansion of agriculture Expansion of agriculture Construction of roads Construction of roads Tree harvest Tree harvest Insect and disease Insect and disease

20. Deforestation o Results Decreased soil fertility Decreased soil fertility Uncontrolled soil erosion Uncontrolled soil erosion Production of hydroelectric power (silt build up behind dams) Production of hydroelectric power (silt build up behind dams) Increased sedimentation of waterways Increased sedimentation of waterways Formation of deserts Formation of deserts Extinction of species Extinction of species Global climate changes Global climate changes

22. Forest Trends in US o Most temperature forest are steady or expanding o Returning stands lack biodiversity of original forests o More than half of US forest are privately owned (right) Forest Legacy Program Forest Legacy Program Conservation easement Conservation easement

23. US National Forests o Managed for multiple uses Timber harvest Timber harvest Livestock forage Livestock forage Water resource and watershed protection Water resource and watershed protection Mining, hunting, fishing, etc. Mining, hunting, fishing, etc. o Road building is an issue Provides logging companies with access to forest Provides logging companies with access to forest o Clearcutting is an issue

24. Case-In-Point Tongass National Park o One of world’s few temperate rainforests o Prime logging area o Modified 1997 Forest Plan o Roadless Area Conservation Rule (2000) o Politics rules government agencies

25. Trends in Tropical Forests o Tropical rainforests (below) and tropical dry forests

26. Disappearing Tropical Rain Forests o Population growth Cannot account for all of it Cannot account for all of it o Immediate causes Subsistence agriculture Subsistence agriculture Commercial logging Commercial logging Cattle ranching Cattle ranching o Other causes Mining Mining Hydroelectric power Hydroelectric power

27. Disappearing Tropical Dry Forests o Primarily destroyed for fuelwood Used for heating and cooking Used for heating and cooking

28. Boreal Forests o World’s largest biome o Extensive clearcutting Primary source of world’s industrial wood and wood fiber Primary source of world’s industrial wood and wood fiber

29. Rangeland and Agricultural lands o Rangeland Land that is not intensively managed and is used for grazing livestock Land that is not intensively managed and is used for grazing livestock

30. Rangeland Degradation and Deforestation o Overgrazing leaves ground barren Animals exceed their carrying capacity Animals exceed their carrying capacity o Land degradation Natural or human-induced process that decreases future ability of land to support crops or livestock Natural or human-induced process that decreases future ability of land to support crops or livestock o Desertification Degradation of once fertile land into nonproductive desert Degradation of once fertile land into nonproductive desert

31. Rangeland Trends in US o Make up 30% of total US land area 2/3 privately owned 2/3 privately owned o Pressure from developers to subdivide o Public rangeland managed by: Taylor Grazing Act (1934) Taylor Grazing Act (1934) Federal Land Policy and Management Act (1976) Federal Land Policy and Management Act (1976) o Conditions of public rangeland are slowly improving Grazing fees is an issue Grazing fees is an issue

32. Agricultural Land o US has 300 million acres of prime farmland o Much is being overtaken by suburban sprawl Parking lots Parking lots Housing developments Housing developments Shopping malls Shopping malls

33. Wetlands o Lands that are usually covered with water for at least part of the year o Have characteristic soils and water-tolerant vegetation o Benefits Habitat for migratory waterfowl and wildlife Habitat for migratory waterfowl and wildlife Recharge groundwater Recharge groundwater Reduce damage from flooding Reduce damage from flooding Improve water quality Improve water quality Produce many commercially important products Produce many commercially important products

34. Wetlands o Human activity that threatens wetlands Drainage for agriculture or mosquito control Drainage for agriculture or mosquito control Dredging for navigation Dredging for navigation Construction of dams, dykes or seawalls Construction of dams, dykes or seawalls Filling in for solid waste disposal Filling in for solid waste disposal Road building Road building Mining for gravel, fossil fuels, etc. Mining for gravel, fossil fuels, etc. o Shrinking 58,500 acres per year

35. Restoring (?) Wetlands o No Net Loss of Wetlands: o Development (change of land use) of wetlands is allowed if corresponding amount of previously converted wetland is restored o Not all wetland restorations are successful

36. Coastlines o Coastal wetlands Provide food and habitat for many aquatic animals Provide food and habitat for many aquatic animals Historically regarded as wasteland Historically regarded as wasteland o US starting to see importance of protecting this environment Retaining seawalls (right) Retaining seawalls (right)

37. Coastal Demographics o Many coastal areas overdeveloped 3.8 billion people live within 150km of coastline 3.8 billion people live within 150km of coastline 6.4 billion people will likely live there by 2025 6.4 billion people will likely live there by 2025 o United States 14 of 20 largest US cities along coast 14 of 20 largest US cities along coast 19 of 20 most densely populated countries along coasts 19 of 20 most densely populated countries along coasts

38. Conservation and Land Resources o All types of ecosystems must be preserved o Four criteria of importance: Areas lost or degraded since European colonization Areas lost or degraded since European colonization Number of present examples of a particular ecosystem (or the total area) Number of present examples of a particular ecosystem (or the total area) Estimate of the likelihood that a given ecosystem will lost a significant area or be degraded in next 10 years Estimate of the likelihood that a given ecosystem will lost a significant area or be degraded in next 10 years Number of threatened and endangered species living in the ecosystem Number of threatened and endangered species living in the ecosystem

39. Conservation and Land Resources The Top 10 most endangered ecosystems in the United States (in order of priority)

40. Fraser, Columbia River Watersheds

41. Hell’s Gate in The Fraser River Watershed

42. Fraser, Columbia River Watersheds Hell’s Gate, before construction

43. Fraser, Columbia River Watersheds

46. Trapped Sockeye Salmon, 1913.

47. Fraser, Columbia River Watersheds

48. Temporary Fishway, 1914

49. Fraser, Columbia River Watersheds Fishway scale model, University of Washington, 1943.

50. Fraser, Columbia River Watersheds

51. Hells Gate Fishways,1990

52. Fraser, Columbia River Watersheds A Conspiracy of Optimism? “where the long-term health of the ecosystem and its salmon were repeatedly sacrificed for short-term economic gains from development or excessive harvest.” -page 197

53. Hatcheries Fraser, Columbia River Watersheds Watersheds “man the conqueror versus man the biotic citizen.”