1. The Victorian Age 1837-1901

2. The Industrial Revolution and Free Trade Social Conflicts Social Reforms Victorian values: Family, Respectability, Morality Religion and C.Darwin’s Theories The Condition of Women : the DoubleStandard Colonial expansion Main Features

3. Social conflicts Middle Class vs Aristocracy  Repeal of Corn Laws 1846 Working class vs Middle class:  Low wages  Urbanization  Slums  Back to back houses

4. Slums & back to back houses It was a town of red brick…

5. Victorian Laws 1842 – 46 Mines Act 1847 Ten Hour Bill 1848 Public Health Act 1867 2nd Reform Act (almost all men could vote) 1870 Education Act 1871 Trade Unions became legal 1884 3rd Reform Act(suffrage for all men) 1901 Labour Party

6. Women Essentialism: the idea that differences between men & women were determined by nature and women were ‘naturally ‘unsuited for male roles (as men were ‘naturally‘superior)

7. The double standard Idealization of women: angelic figures (mother and young girl) not only physically but also morally This difference justified different codes of behaviour and education for men and for women

8. The Angel in the House

9. Women's clothing symbolised their constricted lives. Tight lacing into corsets and cumbersome multiple layers of skirts which dragged on the ground impeded women's freedom of movement. Between 1856 and 1878, among the wealthy, the cage crinoline was popular as it replaced the many layers of petticoats, but it was cumbersome and humiliating. Sitting down, the cage rode up embarrassingly at the front. The skirts were so wide that many women died engulfed in flames after the material caught fire from an open grate or candle.crinoline

10. 1857 Tha Matrimonial Causes Act A husband could divorce his wife if she committed adultery But The woman who wanted a divorce had to prove her husband guilty not only of adultery but also of incest, bigamy, bestiality cruelty or desertion

11. Rich women became spinsters, easily made fun of with reference to their own condition Poor women could only find humiliating employment e.g. in factories For many women the only chance to survive lay in prostitution Were unmarried women less unhappy?

12. Foreign Policy 1854 :The Crimean War 1858 : India Act 1875 – 1900 colonial development in Africa and the Far East 1887 The First Imperial Conference in London 1899- 1902 Anglo Boer War

13. Victorian Colonial Policy 1876 Queen Victoria was proclaimend Empress of India by Parliament

14. Colonial Expansion

15. To strive, to seek, to find and not to yield

16. The White Man’s Burden…

17. Evolution Sir Charles Lyell 1803 Principles of Geology(the Earth is much older than people think) Charles Darwin 1859 the Origin of Species by means of Natural Selection (survival of the fittest) 1871 The Descent of Man and selection in Relation to Sex

18. The Funeral

19. Queen Victoria’s Statue in Windsor