1. Collision, Colonization, and Exchange
The Age of Exploration
Collision, Colonization, and Exchange

2. European Claims in America c. 1700

3. Learning Objectives Summarize the Columbian Exchange
List the motivations for exploration of the New World
Identify the technologies that made European exploration possible
Describe the voyages of Columbus and his contemporaries
Describe the Spanish conquests of the Aztecs and Incas
Identify the effects of Spanish colonization on the Americas
Summarize competing claims in North and South America
Compare and contrast English colonial activities in North America with that of the Spanish
Describe the indigenous population’s response to land claims made by Europeans
Summarize the Columbian Exchange
Explain the relationship between Colonization and Mercantilism

4. Part 1: Spain, Portugal, and the motivations for exploration

5. Motivations for Exploration
Dependence on spices from Asia and India and desire to establish a profitable trade w/ Asia.
Spices, preservatives, break Italian and Muslim monopoly.
Italy and the Arabs controlled the spice trade
Halt the spread of Islam and spread Christianity.
Renaissance ideas of discovery and exploration.
New technology for open water sailing.

6. New Technologies Compass: instrument used for determining direction.
Astrolabe: measures latitude north and south
Maps/Cartography: creation of grid system by Ptolemy (Egyptian Cartographer)
Ship construction
Multiple masts, triangle shaped sails, tacking
Rear rudders
Caravel: new ship

7. Mariner’s Compass
Astrolabe

8. Caravel

9. Map of the World c. 1571

10. Portugal leads the Way
Portugal’s Goals: a dominant spice trade to Asia and Africa
Prince Henry the Navigator
Bartholomew Dias- first to reach the Cape of Good Hope 1488
Vasco da Gama- 1st person to sail to India (1497); 60 fold profit from items brought back
Pedro Alvarez Cabral- claims Brazil for Portugal

11. Early Exploration: Spain vs. Portugal
Voyage of Columbus for Spain sets off fierce competition
Two sides in bitter, often violent competition for resources
Resolved by Pope Alexander VI dividing the world between the two
Line of Demarcation
Treaty of Tordesillas
(1494)

12. Columbus Landing in New World
Spain Builds an Empire
Goals of Spanish Exploration: To exploit the wealth and convert the natives of the Americas and the West Indies to Christianity
The Voyage of Columbus
Planned to reach India by sailing West
Reached Bahamas in 1492, 4 total trips
Impact: Columbus launched the Westward exploration
Columbus Landing in New World
Tainos; named island San Salvador Holy Savior los indios

13. Ferdinand Magellan In 1522, first person to circumnavigate the globe
Impact: proved world was round, oceans were connected, Columbus didn’t reach Asia
250 men and 5 ships, in phillipenes magellan killed arrived back in 1522 with only 18 men and 1 ship

14. The Conquistadors Herman Cortes conquers the Aztecs
In 1519 Cortes went to Mexico in search of Gold
Cortes and 600 men marched to Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan
Met by Aztec emperor Montezuma
1520: Aztecs drive out Cortes
1521 Cortes returns and conquer Aztecs
Able to do so because of weapons, native assistance, and disease
Disease of the heart that only gold can cure
Small pox, measles, mumps, and typhus

15. Francisco Pizarro conquers the Incas (modern day Peru)
Pizarro and 200 men met Incan emperor Atahualpa
Spanish ambushed much larger force, kidnapped Atahualpa
Held Atahualpa for ransom
Executed Atahualpa even after getting ransom
Incan resistance crumbled after death of leader; captured capital of Cuzco without struggle
Pizarro established Lima and encouraged Spanish settlement
Once with gold, twice with silver

16. Effects of Disease on Native Populations
MEASLES
MUMPS
SMALLPOX
TYPHUS

17. Spanish Pattern of Conquest
Conquest based largely on techniques used during Reconquista
Spanish settlers known as peninsulares, mostly men
Relationships between Spanish men and native women common, offspring known as mestizos
Established forced labor system known as the Encomienda – forced labor for farming, ranching, and mining in return for “fair treatment and care”
(Encmienda system abolished in 1542, replaced with African slave labor)

18. Conquistadors push North
Spanish push north into the southwestern United States
Herman de Soto and Ponce de Leon laid claim to the Mississippi River and Florida
Francisco Vasquez de Coronado explores much of present day Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, Oklahoma, and Kansas
Because Coronado found little gold, catholic priests assigned to further exploration of the future US

20. Portuguese in Brazil No gold or silver found in Brazil
High demand for sugar in Europe and Brazil ideal climate to grow sugar cane
Colonists cleared more and more land to farm sugar cane
As native population died off, African slaves brought in to work sugar cane plantations

21. Part 2: Europeans in North America
The English, Spanish, Dutch and French in the North America and the Caribbean

22. The Big Question
Why did France, England, and the Netherlands colonize North America and the Caribbean?

23. The Dutch
Goal of Dutch Exploration: in1500’s Dutch win independence from Spain. Dutch have limited resources and need trade for survival.
In 1609 Henry Hudson looking for Northwest Passage explores Hudson River and Bay
Establish trading posts to trade with Iroquois Indians
In 1621, Dutch government creates Dutch West Indies Company
Found New Amsterdam- Manhattan, NY
All Dutch holdings become New Netherland

24. Looking for the Northwest Passage

25. The French
Goal of French Exploration: quick profits through fur trade rather than permanent settlement
French Explorers
Giovanni da Varrazano was hired by Francis I to find a Northwest Passage.
Jacques Cartier discovered the St. Lawrence River in 1534.
Samuel de Champlain explored the St. Lawrence River and founded Quebec in 1608.
Marquette and Joliet explore the Mississippi River valley.
LaSalle claims Louisiana in 1682.

27. The English
Goal of English Exploration: settlement; long term investment in farming and raw materials
Henry Cabot- English “sea dog” who reached the east coast of North America in 1497
English Settlements in the New World
Roanoke Island- failed colony (1585) “Croatan”
Jamestown
Plymouth

28. Jamestown- 1st Permanent English settlement in N. America
In 1606, King James I gives charter for a colony in the New World
3 ships and 100 settlers reach present day Virginia in 1607
Name settlement Jamestown in honor of King
Disease, hunger, fights with Native Americans, and gold lust spelled doom for colonists
In 1st few years 7 out of 10 died, mostly male population

29. Jamestown cont. Conditions improved with discovery of tobacco
Indentured servants used for planting/harvesting of tobacco
Due to profitability of tobacco, King sends troops to Jamestown to protect against Native Americans
King makes Virginia a Royal colony
Huge demand would Eventually would export 1.5 million pounds of tobacco

30. Puritans create a “New England”
Puritans- English protestants who sought religious freedom from Anglican church
Long term settlement was goal; families made trip together
Established Plymouth in 1620
Massachusetts Bay was founded by the Puritans in 1629

31. Colonizing the Caribbean
French- Haiti, Martinique
English- Barbados and Jamaica
Dutch- Aruba, Antilles
Spain, Cuba, Puerto Rico
Built large cotton and sugar plantations. Demand for labor force led to introduction of African slave trade to the colonies

33. The Struggle for North America
The English oust the Dutch
Charles II gives his brother the Duke of York permission to drive Dutch from New Netherland
Fleet arrives 1664, Dutch surrender without firing a shot
Duke renames colony New York
With Dutch gone, settlement begins of entire Atlantic coast
New Netherland separated the northern and southern colonies, by colonies 1.2 million English colonists

34. The Struggle for North America
England vs. France
English land desire collides with French holdings
French and Indian War (1754)- war
between French and British forces in N. America
English defeat French in 1763
Part of larger Seven Years War for control of Europe, India, N. America, and the Caribbean
Treaty of Paris (1763)- French surrender
With French surrender, England gains eastern ½ of N. America

36. The Columbian Exchange
The transfer of foods, plants, and animals that occurred during the colonization of the Americas is known as the Columbian Exchange
Items brought back such as turkeys, tobacco, tomatoes, cacao beans (chocolate)
Most important foods would be corn and potatoes
Items brought to new world included Horses, pigs, cows, sheep, bananas, wheat, rice, and oats
Disease also part of exchange- influenza, smallpox. Typhus, measles and others
Impact of disease= death of native American population led to demand for African slaves

37. Frightening foods: thought tomatoes were poison, thought potatoes caused leprosy

38. Results of Exploration/Colonization
Colonial Empires led to Economic Revolution in Europe:
Global Trade: New wealth and an abundance of resources led to a dramatic increase in global trade
Rise of Capitalism:
Capitalism: the economic system based on private ownership of property and the investment of resources for profit
Merchants/investors made huge fortunes. Government no longer sole owners of great wealth

39. Mercantilism
Nations in Europe develop policy of Mercantilism- theory that a country’s power depends mainly on its wealth
Thus, the goal of every nation = amassing wealth
Two ways to attain wealth
Obtain as much gold and silver as possible
Establish a favorable balance of trade- selling more goods than you buy
Ultimate goal of Mercantilism- to become self-sufficient
Colonies played key role in Mercantilism: extension of home country, providing both resources and a market for finished goods

40. Atlantic Slave Trade Emerges
Demand for more production leads to demand for more labor
Loss of indigenous (native) population leads European colonists to look elsewhere
Africa provides access to abundant numbers of potential slaves with agricultural experience
Triangle Trade Route begin between Europe, Africa, and the New World