1. Biochemistry of CellDr Fatahiya Kashif

2. Biochemistry of CellDr Fatahiya Kashif A brief overview of life at atomic and molecular level

3. Biochemistry of CellDr Fatahiya Kashif 1 bond 2 4 3 or 4 5 6

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5. Biochemistry of CellDr Fatahiya Kashif

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7. Biochemistry of CellDr Fatahiya Kashif δ⁺δ⁻

8. Biochemistry of CellDr Fatahiya Kashif

9. Biochemistry of CellDr Fatahiya Kashif COH O H

10. Biochemistry of CellDr Fatahiya Kashif CO O H O

11. Biochemistry of CellDr Fatahiya Kashif C O O C

12. Biochemistry of CellDr Fatahiya Kashif CN H H H C

13. Biochemistry of CellDr Fatahiya Kashif CO P O P

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24. Biochemistry of CellDr Fatahiya Kashif OH CH₂OH OH O CH₂OH O HOCH₂ OH CH₂OH OH O 24

25. Biochemistry of CellDr Fatahiya Kashif Two monosaccharides Two monosaccharides Glycosidic bond Glycosidic bond OH CH₂OH OH O CH₂OH OH O 25

26. Biochemistry of CellDr Fatahiya Kashif Two monosaccharides Two monosaccharides Glycosidic bond Glycosidic bond OH CH₂OH O OH CH₂OH OH O O 26

27. Biochemistry of CellDr Fatahiya Kashif Non reducing endReducing end Non reducing Reducing end 27

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29. Biochemistry of CellDr Fatahiya Kashif 29 http://course1.winona.edu

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31. Biochemistry of CellDr Fatahiya Kashif N--….MYCATISEATINGFISHMEATANDWATER…-C

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36. Biochemistry of CellDr Fatahiya Kashif PPP

37. Biochemistry of CellDr Fatahiya Kashif P A P G 3’ 5’-Phosphodiester bonds P P

38. Biochemistry of CellDr Fatahiya Kashif

39. Biochemistry of CellDr Fatahiya Kashif CO- O Fatty acid

40. Biochemistry of CellDr Fatahiya Kashif CO H HH C C O O H H H H H Glycerol

41. Biochemistry of CellDr Fatahiya Kashif CO H HH C C O O H H H H H C O O H C O O H C O O H Triacyglycerol

42. Biochemistry of CellDr Fatahiya Kashif C H H C C H H H C O OC O O P Choline OH Hydrophilic Hydrophobic

43. Biochemistry of CellDr Fatahiya Kashif C H H C C H H H C O OC O O P Choline

44. Biochemistry of CellDr Fatahiya Kashif C H H C C H H H C O OC O O P Choline

45. Biochemistry of CellDr Fatahiya Kashif Cholesterol HO Hydrocarbon tail Steroid nucleus Polar 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

46. Biochemistry of CellDr Fatahiya Kashif Cholesteryl ester C O O

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71. Biochemistry of CellDr Fatahiya Kashif CytoplasmMitochondriaPeroxisomeSmooth endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus GlysolysisCitric acid cycleBeta oxidation of VLCFA Part of Steroid hormone synthesis Synthesis of glycoproteins and glycolipids Fatty acid Synthesis Electron transport chain Plasmalogen synthesis Cytochrome p450 enzymes Part of cholesterol synthesis Part of urea cycleOxidative enzymes (catalase) Detoxification of drugs Part of urea cycle Part of heme synthesis Desaturation of FA Part of heme synthesis Part of steroid hormone synthesis Elongation of FA Beta oxidation of FA Phospholipid synthesis KetogenesisBile acid synthesis

72. Biochemistry of CellDr Fatahiya Kashif

73. Biochemistry of CellDr Fatahiya Kashif ORGANELLE OR FRACTION MARKERMAJOR FUNCTIONS MitochondriaGlutamate dehydrogenase Citric acid cycle Oxidative phosphorylation Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Glucose-6- phosphatase Membrane bound ribosomes are a major site of protein synthesis Synthesis of various lipids Metabolism of drugs NucleusDNA Site of chromosome Transcription RibosomesRNA (high content) Site of protein synthesis LysosomesAcid phosphatase Site of many hydrolases (enzymes catalyzing degradative reactions)

74. Biochemistry of CellDr Fatahiya Kashif ORGANELLE OR FRACTION MARKERMAJOR FUNCTIONS Plasma membrane Na + -K + ATPase 5, - Nucleotidase Transport of molecules in and out of cells Intercellular adhesion and communication Golgi-apparatus Galactosyl transferase Intra cellular sorting of proteins Glycosylation reactions Sulfation reactions Peroxisomes Catalase Uric acid oxidase Degradation of certain fatty acids & amino acids Production & degradation of H 2 O 2 Cytosol Lactate dehydrogenase Enzymes of glycolysis Fatty acid synthesis

75. Biochemistry of CellDr Fatahiya Kashif