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Published byAmari Largent Modified over 9 years ago
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CHANGES IN ELECTRIC GENERATION Generation vs. Demand: Demand growing 3% per year New Generation more difficult to build
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Generation Large, Centralized Plants (Old Way) Small, Distributed Plants (New Way) Also, Site Renewable Generation where it makes Sense (and Profit)
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Large Plants Environmental Issues Fossil Fuels Location/Siting
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Large Plants (Cont.) New Ideas: – “Clean Coal” –Wind, –Solar, –Geothermal, –Biomass –Oceanic Thermal Energy
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Clean Coal Coal Gasification (Combined Cycle) - Low Emmissions Could Happen on Iron Range (Excelsior Project)
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WIND Wind Generators currently very popular More and more Cost Effective Not a Cure-All - never windy when you need it most
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Wind Farm Current Standard – 1.5 MW WTG on 80 meter Towers Energy cost now in the 4 cents/KWH range
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NE Minnesota Wind Data
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Typical Service Drop to WTG
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NEG Micon NM82
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Solar Photvoltaics –Electricity Directly from Sunlight –Low Conversion efficiency –Fairly High Cost Solar Thermal - Solar One –Could yet show some promise ONLY WHEN THE SUN SHINES
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Geothermal Hot Water from the Earth Use the Hot Water or Flash to Steam Currently 2700 MW capacity in US Capacity growing at 9% worldwide Excellent for Home Use - Heat Pumps
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Binary-Cycle Plant (Geothermal)
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OTEC Extract “solar” heat from Ocean Water Flash it to Steam for Turbine/Generator Can be combined with DeSalination Costly
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Typical Energy Costs for Various Generation Sources –Type: Installed Cost: Energy Cost: –Fuel Cells$15,000-20,000/kW 15-20 cents/kwh –Solar - PV Cells $6,000-8,000/kW 12-15 cents/kwh –Geothermal $5,000-10,000/kW 8-10 cents/kwh –Biomass $2,000-2,500/kW 3-5 cents/kwh –Wind $1,000-2,000/kW 3-5 cents/kwh –Natrl Gas (Turbine) $1,500-1,800/kW 2-4 cents/kwh –Coal $1,500-2,000/kW 1.5-2 cents/kwh –Hydro $2,000-3,000/kW 0.2-0.5 cents/kwh
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Distributed Generation Make Electricity where and when needed: –Neighborhood –Commercial Center –Industrial Park Wind, Solar, Geothermal, Biomass Fuel Cells MicroTurbines
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Microturbines Run on Natural gas – Short Sighted? 30-50 kilowatt Designs Create both Electricity and Hot Water Small businesses, collection of homes
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Fuel Cells Most common type: PEM Polymer-Electrolyte Membrane Strips Electrons from Hydrogen to make Electricity Safety/Cost Where to get H2?? H2 Energy Density
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DEMAND SIDE Conservation Through: Market Pricing Efficient Products
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Market Pricing Energy Prices becoming De-Regulated New Equipment to Automate Pricing: Smart Meters Smart Appliances
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Smart Meters Talks to Electric Company Records Hourly Prices Tells Appliances what current Price is Shops Around for a Better Rate?
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Efficient Products Smart Appliances run only when energy is cheapest, talk to each other Superconductors Cars
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Superconducting Motors Extremely Efficient - Zero Electric Losses Very High Torque - 140X increase in Power Density Costly? Not very Rugged - Bismuth-Cu Ceramic Tape US Navy Loves Them
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Other Superconductors Transformers Transmission Lines Potential Savings… –Between 5 and 10% of all Electricity Generated is lost in Transformers and T-Lines
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Cars EVs - Electric Vehicles –Biggest Problem is Energy Density Battery Powered - Poor Range/Heavy Fuel Cell Pwrd - Hydrogen is volatile, has poor energy density and no delivery system, LNG has emissions Hybrids - LEVs –Just appearing on Market –Good “Next Step” –30 MPG SUV
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CONCLUSIONS More of the Same Old Stuff More New Stuff Greater Emphasis on Environmental Factors Conservation is Key Wireless, Wireless, Wireless
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WEB References National Renewable Energy Labs –http://www.nrel.gov/ Electric Power Research Institute –http://www.epri.com/ US Dept. of Energy –http://www.energy.gov/ Electric Vehicles –http://www.evworld.com/
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