1. Inner Realities Copyright © 2007 Allyn & Bacon Mayers Personality: A Systems Approach Part 2: Parts of PersonalityChapter 5: Interior Selves… Inner Realities Theme and Variation on Topic 5: Interior Selves; Interior Worlds This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any image; any rental, lease, or lending of the program.

2. Inner Realities Copyright © 2007 Allyn & Bacon Mayers Personality: A Systems Approach Part 2: Parts of PersonalityChapter 5: Interior Selves… The Lecture and the Book… Chapter 5: Interior Selves, Interior Worlds 1.What are Mental Models?* 2.What are Our Models of Ourselves? 3.What are Our Models of the World? 4.What are Our Models of Relationships? 5.How Good are Our Mental Models? Lecture 5: Inner Realities 1.The importance of mental models 2.The nature of mental models 3.Possible selves 4.Perceiving others 5.Relating to others 1.Archetypes 2.Core Conflicts 6.(If time) Good models

3. Inner Realities Copyright © 2007 Allyn & Bacon Mayers Personality: A Systems Approach Part 2: Parts of PersonalityChapter 5: Interior Selves… Mental Models as Crucial Personality Parts We operate in the real world yet… Personality is Internal –We operate in an imagined world –Mental models = the imagined real world Does that seem too psychological?

4. Inner Realities Copyright © 2007 Allyn & Bacon Mayers Personality: A Systems Approach Part 2: Parts of PersonalityChapter 5: Interior Selves… Mental Models as Crucial Personality Parts Artificial intelligence researchers initially believed computers would understand language by the late 1960s –Computers would do this by knowing word meanings, parts of speech, grammar It didnt happen so quickly –Consider: The cat and mouse played together. Squeak, squeak, meow, meow, they cried. –Or, Gas? They couldnt understand without mental (computer) models

5. Inner Realities Copyright © 2007 Allyn & Bacon Mayers Personality: A Systems Approach Part 2: Parts of PersonalityChapter 5: Interior Selves… Mental Models Knowledge structures that represent –Self-understanding –World-understanding –Interpersonally, whether we feel trusted, attacked, insulted Mostly learned –Sometimes genetically- prepared learning Often operate automatically (i.e., are non-conscious) Toms Mother Janices Mother Arlies Mother Some features overlap; others are unique to the person

6. Inner Realities Copyright © 2007 Allyn & Bacon Mayers Personality: A Systems Approach Part 2: Parts of PersonalityChapter 5: Interior Selves… Types of Knowledge Structures A schema or prototype – A list of frequent attributes A script – a time-ordered sequence of actions A life story – the way a person represents the drama of his or her life A relationship pattern – the patterns a person uses in interacting with others

7. Inner Realities Copyright © 2007 Allyn & Bacon Mayers Personality: A Systems Approach Part 2: Parts of PersonalityChapter 5: Interior Selves… Possible Selves –Actual: Who (you believe) you are –Ought: Who society believes you should be –Ideal: Who you would like to be. –Feared: Who you are frightened of becoming –Desired: Who you wish to become

8. Inner Realities Copyright © 2007 Allyn & Bacon Mayers Personality: A Systems Approach Part 2: Parts of PersonalityChapter 5: Interior Selves… Discrepancies in Possible Selves Discrepancies among selves lead to different feelings (Higgins et al. 1990s) Actual Self (Self Model) Ought self (Others Expectations) Ideal self (Personal Expectations) Anxiety Sadness

9. Inner Realities Copyright © 2007 Allyn & Bacon Mayers Personality: A Systems Approach Part 2: Parts of PersonalityChapter 5: Interior Selves… Properties of Possible Selves Possible selves distinguish between college students and delinquents in a sensible way, whereas simple self- esteem does not

10. Inner Realities Copyright © 2007 Allyn & Bacon Mayers Personality: A Systems Approach Part 2: Parts of PersonalityChapter 5: Interior Selves… Properties of Possible Selves (Cont.) Possible selves also distinguish between groups of widows with similar situations but different outcomes (e.g., poor versus good recovery from death of spouse)

11. Inner Realities Copyright © 2007 Allyn & Bacon Mayers Personality: A Systems Approach Part 2: Parts of PersonalityChapter 5: Interior Selves… Models of Personality Types Do we categorize others into personality types? Where do we these types come from? What effect do such models have?

12. Inner Realities Copyright © 2007 Allyn & Bacon Mayers Personality: A Systems Approach Part 2: Parts of PersonalityChapter 5: Interior Selves… Learning a Personality Prototype PERSONALITY PROTOTYPE: VJ was a thoughtful child, raised in a close family by caring parents. He was brought up in a poor Midwestern suburb, and is now married. He is clumsy, unimaginative, and frivolous. Those who know him describe him as cold. He believes in gaining other's respect and also in being a leader. Physically, he is thin and good-looking. (Mayer & Bower, 1986). TEST EXAMPLE: VJ was a thoughtful child, raised in a large family by divorced parents. She was brought up in a poor Midwestern suburb, and is now married. He is graceful, unimaginative, and frivolous. Those who know him describe him as warm. He believes in gaining other's respect and also in being a leader. Physically, he is thin and dark-haired. (Mayer & Bower, 1986).

13. Inner Realities Copyright © 2007 Allyn & Bacon Mayers Personality: A Systems Approach Part 2: Parts of PersonalityChapter 5: Interior Selves… Results (Mayer & Bower, 1986)

14. Inner Realities Copyright © 2007 Allyn & Bacon Mayers Personality: A Systems Approach Part 2: Parts of PersonalityChapter 5: Interior Selves… Overgeneralization of Models The Case of Extraversion (Cantor & Mischel, 1978) First descriptors of extraversion identified –Thoughtful (U; Unrelated) –Lively (M; Moderately Related ) –Outgoing (H; Highly Related ) Procedure: Participants learned lists describing four fictional people. –Jane was one… –Instructions: I would like you to view these slides and try to remember the personality characteristics…

15. Inner Realities Copyright © 2007 Allyn & Bacon Mayers Personality: A Systems Approach Part 2: Parts of PersonalityChapter 5: Interior Selves… Person Perception (Cantor & Mischel, 1978) 1. Acquisition Stage: (Jane is:) 2. Recognition Stage: (Was Jane?) energetic (M) impulsive (M) dominating (M) friendly (M) ambitious (M) honorable (U) logical (U) punctual (U) neat (U) In Acquisition List: dominating (M) energetic (M) neat (U) punctual (U) Not in Acquisition List (Distractors): spirited (H) exuberant (H) thrifty (U)

16. Inner Realities Copyright © 2007 Allyn & Bacon Mayers Personality: A Systems Approach Part 2: Parts of PersonalityChapter 5: Interior Selves… Results (Cantor & Mischel, 1978) Trait was In Acquisition List Trait was Not in Acquisition List Trait was Related to Prototype Moderately endorsed (e.g., energetic) (Accurate when endorsed) Moderately endorsed these (e.g., spirited) (Inaccurate when endorsed) Trait was Unrelated to Prototype Moderately endorsed these (e.g., neat) (Accurate when endorsed) Did not endorse these much (e.g., neat) (Inaccurate when endorsed)

17. Inner Realities Copyright © 2007 Allyn & Bacon Mayers Personality: A Systems Approach Part 2: Parts of PersonalityChapter 5: Interior Selves… Jungian Archetypes Location: The Collective Unconscious: This transpersonal domain is detached from anything personal and is common to all people, since its contents can be found everywhere… (Jung 1917, p. 66). Evidence: Common phobias: snakes, water, heights; uncommon phobias: bicycles, knives, cars

18. Inner Realities Copyright © 2007 Allyn & Bacon Mayers Personality: A Systems Approach Part 2: Parts of PersonalityChapter 5: Interior Selves… Case Study: Archetypes Schizoprhenic Patient,1906: If you squint your eyes and stare at the sun you could see the suns phallus. You can make the phallus move if you swing your head from side-to- side. The moving phallus makes the wind. (Reported in Beneath the Mask) Greek Tract: For you will see hanging down from the disc of the sun something that looks like a tube. And towards the regions westward it is as though there were an infinite east wind. But if the other wind should prevail towards the regions of the east, you will in like manner see the vision veering in that direction.

19. Inner Realities Copyright © 2007 Allyn & Bacon Mayers Personality: A Systems Approach Part 2: Parts of PersonalityChapter 5: Interior Selves… Examples of Archetypes Mother and father archetypes: elicited through a real mother, father, mother-in-law, wife, etc. Either positive (kind princess or prince) or negative (witch, harsh ruler) Trickster or magician archetype: fondness for sly jokes, malicious pranks, dual nature: half animal, half human Hero archetype: hero defeats evil, slays dragon or monster Shadow: dark half of personality, demons, devils Wise old person: village elder, wise poet, elderly healer

20. Inner Realities Copyright © 2007 Allyn & Bacon Mayers Personality: A Systems Approach Part 2: Parts of PersonalityChapter 5: Interior Selves… Significant Other Models Models of those we are (or have been) close to Examples: Parents, other caretakers, teachers Significance: We develop patterns with these individuals that we then generalize to others

21. Inner Realities Copyright © 2007 Allyn & Bacon Mayers Personality: A Systems Approach Part 2: Parts of PersonalityChapter 5: Interior Selves… Core Conflictual Relationship Theme (CCRT) Begin with transcripts from psychotherapy Examine them for key themes in relationships Identify those relationships theme and watch for their repetition Excellent inter-agreement reliability for identifying themes

22. Inner Realities Copyright © 2007 Allyn & Bacon Mayers Personality: A Systems Approach Part 2: Parts of PersonalityChapter 5: Interior Selves… Can You Identify the CCRT Theme? 1. He came over to drink beer, and to have this conversation which was a little difficult. I pretended to be enjoying it, enjoying him, you know, in the spirit of good fellowship and shit and stuff, but I really wanted to be -- well, I didn't want to be reading, but you know, I felt that this was the thing that, that was keeping me from reading and that hassled me. I really fucking resented it a lot. You know among my friends, they're respecting and always have really respected my wanting to do my own thing...But you know, with a guy like this (clear throat), he's just in another world totally from that. And, you know, he wouldn't understand if I said that, you know, he would be insulted and that kind of shit. You know it was kind of a hassle.

23. Inner Realities Copyright © 2007 Allyn & Bacon Mayers Personality: A Systems Approach Part 2: Parts of PersonalityChapter 5: Interior Selves… Can You Identify the CCRT Theme? 2. This morning I, like didn't particularly feel like coming here, you know. Because like, I don't know, I felt some kind of, you know, I felt like I didn't need it. I guess I was just, you know, my spirits were a little raised. If only now I could get out of the bag of feeling that I have to....

24. Inner Realities Copyright © 2007 Allyn & Bacon Mayers Personality: A Systems Approach Part 2: Parts of PersonalityChapter 5: Interior Selves… Can You Identify the CCRT Theme? 3. Well, now I'm getting that same feeling that, you know, I'm sort of talking about worthless shit. Because, and you know, my basis for thinking that is the fact that you haven't said anything. Jeez, we go through this same nonsense every session, it's just amazing to me. I'm sort of ashamed that my mind isn't a little more creative, to think of different hassles. You know, it's sort of boring going through the same hassle four times a week, for what at this point seems like a timeless period.

25. Inner Realities Copyright © 2007 Allyn & Bacon Mayers Personality: A Systems Approach Part 2: Parts of PersonalityChapter 5: Interior Selves… Can You Identify the CCRT Theme? 4. When I finally got through to her roommate yesterday and found out that she wasn't going to be in, like all the woman obligations just went off me. I knew that there was nothing I could do to find a woman and you know, there was a kind of relief.

26. Inner Realities Copyright © 2007 Allyn & Bacon Mayers Personality: A Systems Approach Part 2: Parts of PersonalityChapter 5: Interior Selves… Attachment theory Harry Harlow Orphanage Studies Strange situation (Mary Ainsworth) Three types: –Securely attached (empathic mirroring, good contact) –Anxiously attached (inconsistent; uncertain) –Anxious-avoidant/conflicted attached (apathetic)

27. Inner Realities Copyright © 2007 Allyn & Bacon Mayers Personality: A Systems Approach Part 2: Parts of PersonalityChapter 5: Interior Selves… Social Roles Jungs Persona Hogans Socioanalytic Theory –Gaining status; popularity –Necessary for reproduction –Example: Crossing campus and seeing philosopher.

28. Inner Realities Copyright © 2007 Allyn & Bacon Mayers Personality: A Systems Approach Part 2: Parts of PersonalityChapter 5: Interior Selves… Morality and Moral Behavior What rules do we employ for engaging with others? What are our ethical and moral codes? These, too, are part of our personality, part of who we are

29. Inner Realities Copyright © 2007 Allyn & Bacon Mayers Personality: A Systems Approach Part 2: Parts of PersonalityChapter 5: Interior Selves… Formal Models are Rewarded in Society

30. Inner Realities Copyright © 2007 Allyn & Bacon Mayers Personality: A Systems Approach Part 2: Parts of PersonalityChapter 5: Interior Selves… Constructive Thinking Positive Aspects Emotional CopingI dont let little things bother me. Behavioral CopingWhen I am faced with a difficult task, I think encouraging thoughts that help me do my best. Neutral Aspect Naïve OptimismI believe people can accomplish anything they want if they have enough will power

31. Inner Realities Copyright © 2007 Allyn & Bacon Mayers Personality: A Systems Approach Part 2: Parts of PersonalityChapter 5: Interior Selves… Constructive Thinking Negative Aspects Categorical Thinking I am very judgmental of people Personal Superstitious Thinking Ive learned not to hope too hard because what I hope for usually doesnt happen Esoteric Thinking I believe in astrology

32. Inner Realities Copyright © 2007 Allyn & Bacon Mayers Personality: A Systems Approach Part 2: Parts of PersonalityChapter 5: Interior Selves… Outcomes of Constructive Thinking Among business people, predicts superior performance, faster advancement, more satisfaction at home. Among students, predicts performance at part time jobs, but less so in class (where IQ is more powerful. At low levels, may predict more drug use and problem behavior.