1. Getting Started Copyright © 2007 Allyn & Bacon Mayers Personality: A Systems Approach Part 2: Parts of PersonalityChapter 4: Motivation and Emotion Motivation and Emotion Seeking Motives This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any image; any rental, lease, or lending of the program.

2. Getting Started Copyright © 2007 Allyn & Bacon Mayers Personality: A Systems Approach Part 2: Parts of PersonalityChapter 4: Motivation and Emotion What Are Motives, Instincts, Needs? Motives – Basic biologically-based needs of the organism to behave in a particular way. Henry Murray Developed a long list of 20 or so. –Inanimate objects n Acquisition, n Order –Ambition n Achievement, n Recognition –Superiority: n Inviolacy, n Defendance –Sado-Masochism: n Aggression, n Abasement –Affection: n Affliation, n Rejection

3. What Are Motives and How Can They Be Measured? © Copyright 2006 Allyn & Bacon Mayers Personality: A Systems Approach Part 2: Parts of PersonalityChapter 4: Motivation and Emotion The Issues of Honesty and Self Knowledge Issues of Self-Judgments… –How well do people know their motives? –Will they honestly report them? Would you feel comfortable saying… –…you are motivated by revenge? –…you are interested in having sexual relations whenever you can?

4. What Are Motives and How Can They Be Measured? © Copyright 2006 Allyn & Bacon Mayers Personality: A Systems Approach Part 2: Parts of PersonalityChapter 4: Motivation and Emotion Thematic (Projective) Measures of Motives Thematic (Projective) Measures – The presence of an ambiguous stimulus to which an individual must respond. Example: The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) –A person constructs a story to the stimulus, –Portions of his or her style of thinking can be measured.

5. What Are Motives and How Can They Be Measured? © Copyright 2006 Allyn & Bacon Mayers Personality: A Systems Approach Part 2: Parts of PersonalityChapter 4: Motivation and Emotion Projective Testing: The TAT Tell a story… What happened to bring this about? What is going on now? What will happen next?

6. What Are Motives and How Can They Be Measured? © Copyright 2006 Allyn & Bacon Mayers Personality: A Systems Approach Part 2: Parts of PersonalityChapter 4: Motivation and Emotion Projective Testing: The TAT

7. What Are Motives and How Can They Be Measured? © Copyright 2006 Allyn & Bacon Mayers Personality: A Systems Approach Part 2: Parts of PersonalityChapter 4: Motivation and Emotion (Informally) Score Your Own TAT! N. Achievement Meeting standards of excellence Unique attainments Commitment to goals N. Power Controlling others Attempts to heighten their influence Protection of others N. Affiliation Maintaining positive relationships with others Repairing relationships

8. What Are Motives and How Can They Be Measured? © Copyright 2006 Allyn & Bacon Mayers Personality: A Systems Approach Part 2: Parts of PersonalityChapter 4: Motivation and Emotion Motivation: What Does It Influence? N for AchievementN for PowerN for Affiliation Prefer tasks of moderate difficulty Direct behavior of others: executives, psychologists, teachers, journalists, clergy Spend more time with others; write more letters Get higher grades only in courses relevant to goals Express extreme opinions on matters to get visibility; obtain desired possessions Sympathetic and accommodating More involved in occupations and upwardly mobile Build alliances; but not necessarily well-liked If intimacy, more popular, better adjusted

9. What Are Motives and How Can They Be Measured? © Copyright 2006 Allyn & Bacon Mayers Personality: A Systems Approach Part 2: Parts of PersonalityChapter 4: Motivation and Emotion Self-Report: Factor Findings Cattells factor studies: *Fear avoidance *Sex *Assertiveness *Narcissism *Sadism *Achieving

10. What Are Motives and How Can They Be Measured? © Copyright 2006 Allyn & Bacon Mayers Personality: A Systems Approach Part 2: Parts of PersonalityChapter 4: Motivation and Emotion Forced-Choice Scale Design (Edwards) Forced choice, with item selection matched for social desirability: Edwards Personal Preference Inventory (Murrays Needs) Model Item: A. Do you prefer to be lazy sometimes, and just do nothing? B. Would you describe yourself as seeking revenge against those who injure you ?