1. THE AGE OF EXPLORATION 15TH AND 16TH CENTURY
AN OVERVIEW

3. BACKGROUND- 15TH CENTURY
RISE OF NATIONALISM AMONG THE NEW NATION-STATES OF EUROPE
EMERGENCE OF POWERFUL NEW NATION-STATES WITH ASSERTIVE MONARCHS
INVENTION OF THE PRINTING PRESS
EXPANSION OF TRADE AND BUSINESS ACTIVITY
RENAISSANCE QUEST FOR KNOWLEDGE
Crusades

4. MOTIVATING FACTORS FOR EUROPEAN EXPANSION
DESIRE TO ENHANCE NATIONAL PRESTIGE (NATIONALISM)
NATIONAL WEALTH AND TERRITORY
PRESTIGE FOR MONARCHS
POSSIBILITY OF PERSONAL WEALTH, FAME, AND SOCIAL PRESTIGE
QUEST FOR NEW GEOGRAPHICAL KNOWLEDGE
DESIRE TO SPREAD CHRISTIANITY
INTENSIFYING INTERNATIONAL
COMPETITION AMONG THE POWERFUL NATION-STATES OF EUROPE
DESIRE TO FIND NEW TRADE ROUTES TO THE EAST – INCREASE PROFITS

5. NEW TECHNOLOGIES THAT IMPACTED EXPLORATION
BETTER AND FASTER SHIP DESIGN
PRINTING PRESS
MORE RELIABLE MAGNETIC COMPASS
THE INVENTION OF THE CLOCK
ALLOWED FOR NEW NAVIGATIONAL METHODS- EVENTUALLY LONGITUDE
ASTROLABE- LATITUDE NAVIGATION
MORE ACCURATE MAPS
GUN POWDER AND NEW WEAPONS
CANNONS AND MUSKETS

6. CARAVEL

8. A Viking Ship

9. PRINTING PRESS

10. ASTROLABE

11. NEW WEAPONS

14. IMPROVED COMPASS

15. MAJOR NATION- STATES INVOLVED IN EXPLORATION

16. PORTUGAL WEST AFRICA PARTS OF ASIA SOUTH AMERICA (Brazil)
MAJOR EMPHASIS WAS ON TRADE
GOLD
SLAVE TRADE-WEST AFRICA
NEW PRODUCTS AND SPICES

17. PRINCE HENRY THE NAVIGATOR OF PORTUGAL
National policies strongly supported exploration and trade
Portugal had a long tradition of navigation and trade
Sets up trading ports called factories
Sets up school for navigators

18. Portuguese Explorers Bartolomeu Dias rounds the Cape of Good Hope.
Vasco de Gama reaches India and returns with a ship full of goods.

19. Spain
Envious of Portugal's success, Christopher Columbus convinces the King and Queen to commission a trip west to find a better trade route to India.
Tensions between Spain and Portugal grow.

20. Spain Treaty of Tordesillas
LINE OF DEMARCATION
Portugal
Spain
Treaty of Tordesillas

21. The Dutch & English Own the largest fleet in the world. 20,000 vessels
Dutch East India company develop a stronger.
Elizabeth I, established the English East India Company in a attempt to drive the Dutch out.

22. Confucian culture modern concept of political nation state
Chinese defined by Confucian culture
civil service exam ( )
social mobility
reward diligence, discipline, and willpower, but not talent or innovation
law of avoidance

23. China Limits European Contacts
The Rise of the Ming
• Hongwu—peasant’s son who leads army that forces
Mongols from China
• First Ming emperor, he begins agricultural and
government reforms
• His son, Yonglo, becomes next emperor; moves
royal court to Beijing
• In 1405, he launches first of voyages of exploration

24. China Under the Powerful Ming Dynasty
The Voyages of Zheng He
• Chinese admiral Zheng He leads seven long
voyages
• Distributes gifts to show China’s superiority
Ming Relations with Foreign Countries
• In 1500s, Chinese government controls all
contact with outsiders
• Government policies favor farming over
manufacturing and merchants
• Christian missionaries bring European ideas to
China

25. Zheng He’s fleet (1405 - 1433) Over 300 ships & 20,000 men
trade and commerce
Southeast Asia, South Asia, West Asia, and East Africa

26. Zheng He’s expeditions

27. Zhou Man He was born into a wealthy merchant family in the year 1378
when he was six years old, his father died on an overseas voyage to Korea
explored wide reaches of the Indian Ocean
mapped the Pacific coast of North America

28. Japan Returns to Isolation
A New Feudalism Under Strong Leaders
Local Lords Rule
• In 1467, civil war destroys old feudal system in
Japan
• Period from 1467 to 1568 is called time of the
“Warring States”
• Daimyo—warrior-chieftains—are lords in new feudal
system
• Emperor is figurehead with no real power
• Daimyo build armies of mounted samurai and gun- bearing infantry

29. Japanese Explorers Tanaka Shosuke
important Japanese technician and trader in metals from Kyoto
He is the first recorded Japanese to have travelled to the Americas in 1610
helped establish trade and diplomatic relations between Japan and the Spanish Empire

30. Japanese Explorers Naomi Uemura
He was particularly well known for doing alone what had previously been achieved only with large teams.
For example, he was the first person ever to reach the North Pole solo
the first ever to raft the Amazon solo
and the first ever to climb Mount Mckinley solo.

31. Japanese Explorers Yamada Nagamasa
adventurer who gained considerable influence in Thailand
helped Japan develop relationships with Siam

32. Contact Between Europe and Japan
Portugal Sends Ships, Merchants, and Technology to Japan
• In 1540s, European traders begin arriving;
welcomed by Japanese
• European firearms change Japanese way
of fighting
Christian Missionaries in Japan
• In 1549, first Christian missionaries arrive
• By 1600, about 300,000 Japanese are Christians
• Japan’s rulers upset by this, ban Christianity
• After 1637 rebellion, Christianity is forbidden in
Japan
NEXT

33. Portuguese in Japan

34. The Atlantic World,
1492–1800
Europeans explore and colonize the Americas, disrupting native civilizations, and build the slave trade to support plantations in the New World.
Christopher Columbus, Spanish explorer, as young man.
NEXT

35. FERDINAND AND ISABELLA OF SPAIN SUPPORTED EXPLORATION AND EXPANSION

36. COLUMBUS- ITALIAN LED THREE VOYAGES TO THE NEW WORLD

37. Spain Builds an American Empire
The Voyages of Columbus
First Encounters
• Sea captain Christopher Columbus
reaches Americas (1492)
• Thinks he is in East Indies, calls natives “los
indios”—Indians
• Unable to find gold, he claims many islands for
Spain
• In 1493, he sets out for the Americas again with a
large fleet
• Spain aims to set up colonies—lands controlled by
a foreign nation

38. Other Explorers Take to the Seas
The Voyages of Columbus
Other Explorers Take to the Seas
• Pedro Álvares Cabral claims Brazil for Portugal
(1500)
• Amerigo Vespucci identifies South America as new
continent (1501)
• In 1507, German mapmaker names the continent
America
• Vasco Núñez de Balboa reaches the Pacific Ocean
• Ferdinand Magellan leaves to sail around the world
(1519)
• Magellan is killed, but some of his men return to
Spain in 1522

39. BALBOA CROSSING THE ISTHMUS OF PANAMA
First European to reach Pacific from New World
Colonizes the island of Hispaniola

40. MAGELLAN-PORTUGUESE MAGELLAN DID NOT SURVIVE THE VOYAGE
OF THE 270 MEN WHO BEGAN THE VOYAGE AROUND THE GLOBE, ONLY 18 FINISHED THE AND RETURNED TO SPAIN

42. VASCO DA GAMA- PORTUGUESE

43. CORONADO

44. Spanish Conquests in Mexico
Conquistadors
• In 1519, Hernando Cortés—Spanish adventurer— lands in Mexico
• He and others become known as conquistadors—Spanish conquerors
Cortés Conquers the Aztecs
• Cortés and 600 men reach Aztec capital of
Tenochtitlán
• By 1521, they conquer Aztec empire
• Conquest aided by superior weapons, Native
American allies
• European diseases wipe out large numbers of
Aztecs

45. CORTES- SPANISH

46. Spanish Conquests in Peru
Another Conquistador
• Spanish conqueror Francisco Pizarro leads force to
Peru in 1532
Spain’s Pattern of Conquest
• Spanish men and Native American women have children
• Result is large mestizo—mixed Spanish and native—
population
• Encomienda system—Spanish force Native Americans
to work for them
The Portuguese in Brazil
In 1530s, Portuguese settle in Brazil, begin growing sugar

47. PIZARRO- SPANISH

48. PIZARRO-CONQUEST OF THE INCAN EMPIRE IN PERU

49. INCAN EMPIRE IN PERU

50. ENCOMIENDA TRIBUTE LABOR SYSTEM – NATIVE PEOPLES WERE REQUIRED TO GIVE LABOR TO THE EUROPEAN SETTLERS

51. MINING SILVER MINES AT POTOSI
VAST AMOUNTS OF GOLD AND SILVER WERE SENT TO SPAIN FROM THE NEW WORLD
PRIMARY LABOR FORCE WAS THE INDEGENOUS POPULATION

52. PLANTATIONS- SUGAR BECAME A MAJOR EXPORT CROP NATIVE PEOPLES AND AFRICAN SLAVES WORKED THE FARMS

53. Spain’s Influence Expands
Growth of Spanish Power
• Conquests in Americas bring great wealth to Spain
• Spain enlarges its navy to protect ships carrying
treasure
Conquistadors Push North
• Juan Ponce de León claims Florida for Spain (1513)
• In 1540s, Francisco Coronado explores Southwest,
finds little gold
• Catholic priests set up missions in Southwest
• In early 1600s, Spanish establish capital of Santa Fe

54. Opposition to Spanish Rule
Protests Against Mistreatment
• Catholic priests protest mistreatment of Native Americans
African Slavery and Native Resistance
• Spain abolishes encomienda system (1542)
• Need for workers in mines and on farms met with
enslaved Africans
• Some Native Americans resist Spanish conquerors
• In 1680, Popé leads rebellion against Spanish in
modern New Mexico
• Spanish driven out, but return 12 years later to stay

55. Bartolome de Las Casas
See page 560 in your textbook for opposing views of Columbus’s historic journey.

56. European Nations Settle North America
Competing Claims in North America
Other European Claims in North America
• French, English, Dutch start colonies in North
America
Explorers Establish New France
• Samuel de Champlain founds Quebec
• New France—French colony in North America
• New France includes Great Lakes and Mississippi
River valley
A Trading Empire
• New France is very large but has few inhabitants
• Main activity of the colony is the fur trade

57. The English Arrive in North America
The First English Colony
• King James permits investors to start North
American colony
• In 1607, colonists found Jamestown—English
settlement in Virginia
The Settlement at Jamestown
• Early years very difficult; many die, but settlement
takes hold
Puritans Create a “New England”
• Pilgrims—group persecuted for religion—found
Plymouth in 1620
• Puritans—group seeking religious freedom—settle
in Massachusetts
• Many families in Massachusetts colony,
which begins to grow

59. Colonizing the Caribbean
continued The English Arrive in North America
The Dutch Found New Netherland
• In 1609, Henry Hudson explores waterways for
Dutch
• Dutch claim land, found New Netherland—now
Albany and New York City
• Dutch focus on fur trade; welcome settlers from other
lands
Colonizing the Caribbean
• European nations also start colonies in Caribbean
• Large cotton, sugar plantations worked by enslaved Africans

60. Dutch Trade

61. The Struggle for North America
The English Oust the Dutch
• New Netherland splits northern, southern English
colonies
• In 1664, English force Dutch colonists to
surrender control
• By 1750, about 1.2 million English settlers in 13 colonies
England Battles France
• English settlers, pushing west, collide with French
possessions
• French and Indian War—part of Seven Years’
War—begins (1754)
• In 1763, France loses to Britain, gives up its
American colonies

62. Native Americans Respond
A Strained Relationship
• French and Dutch fur traders get along well with
Native Americans
• English settlers and Native Americans disagree
over land, religion
Settlers and Native Americans Battle
• Hostility often breaks out into war
• Native American ruler Metacom launches attacks
on colonists in 1675
Natives Fall to Disease
• Wars are less deadly to Native Americans than
European diseases
• Colonists use enslaved Africans to work in place of
Native Americans

63. The Atlantic Slave Trade
Section 3
The Atlantic Slave Trade
To meet their growing labor needs, Europeans enslave millions of Africans in the Americas.
NEXT

64. SLAVE TRADE – WEST AFRICA Sect. 3
African slaves were brought to the New World to primarily work in agriculture
Portugal was the major slave trading European nation

65. The Atlantic Slave Trade
SECTION 3
The Atlantic Slave Trade
The Causes of African Slavery
The Demand for Africans
Africans had been exposed to European disease
Experienced farmers
Could not escape, did not know their way around
Skin color made them easier to catch
NEXT

67. Spain and Portugal Lead the Way
SECTION 3
continued The Causes of African Slavery
Spain and Portugal Lead the Way
• By 1650, about 300,000 enslaved Africans in Spanish colonies
• Portugal brings many more slaves to sugar plantations in Brazil
NEXT

68. Slavery Spreads Throughout the Americas
SECTION 3
Slavery Spreads Throughout the Americas
England Dominates the Slave Trade
• From 1690 to 1807, England dominates slave trade
• About 400,000 enslaved Africans brought to North American colonies
African Cooperation and Resistance
• Many African rulers capture people to be sold into slavery
• Later, some rulers protest the trade
NEXT

69. Number of people enslaved
30 million taken from their homes
10 million die during capture phase
10 million die during middle passage
10 million survive to make it over the ocean

70. Phases of the Slave Trade
Capture:
Most captured miles inland
Tribes often did not have a choice in helping capture neighbors “divide and conquer”

71. Phases of the Slave Trade
Capture:
Cape Coast Castle, Gold Coast, 1727
Christiansborg Castle, Gold Coast, ca. 1750

72. Slave Forts

73. A Forced Journey The Triangular Trade
• Triangular trade—trade network linking Europe,
Africa, Americas
• One trade route:
- manufactured goods move from Europe to
Africa
- people move from Africa to Americas
- sugar, coffee, tobacco move from
Americas to Europe
NEXT

75. The Middle Passage 20% of Africans die No bathroom Very little food
Poor medical care
Rebellions
Suicide
Length of Trip
Disease
Trauma

76. Tight Packers
Loose Packers

77. Slavery in the Americas
A Harsh Life
• In Americas, captured Africans sold at auction to
highest bidder
• Life is difficult: long work hours; poor food,
housing, clothing
Resistance and Rebellion
• Africans maintain musical, cultural traditions
• Some resist by breaking tools or working slowly
• Some run away or take part in revolts
NEXT

78. Phases of the Slave Trade
West African expectations about slavery:
Slaves were not slaves for life
A slave’s child would not be a slave

79. Consequences of the Slave Trade
SECTION 3
Consequences of the Slave Trade
Results in Africa and the Americas
• African societies suffer from loss of so many people
• African families disrupted
• In Americas, labor of enslaved people helps build new societies
• Enslaved Africans affect culture in Americas
• Population in Americas changes
NEXT

80. Middle Passage

81. Capture of Slaves

82. The Columbian Exchange and Global Trade
Section 4
The Columbian Exchange
and Global Trade
The colonization of the Americas introduces new items into Eastern and Western hemispheres.
NEXT

83. The Columbian Exchange and Global Trade
SECTION 4
The Columbian Exchange and Global Trade
The Columbian Exhange
The Columbian Exchange
• Columbian Exchange—global transfer of food,
plants, animals
• Corn, potatoes from Americas become crops in
Eastern Hemisphere
• New animals, plants introduced by Europeans take hold in Americas
• European diseases kill millions of Native Americans
NEXT

84. Global Trade in Europe 4 Changing Economies
SECTION 4
Global Trade
Changing Economies
• Wealth from Americas, growth of trade changes business in Europe
The Rise of Capitalism
• New economic system—capitalism—based on
private property, profit
• Increase in business leads to inflation—rising
in Europe
• Hauls of gold, silver from Americas cause high
inflation in Spain
Joint-Stock Companies
• Joint-stock company lets investors share risk,
profits of business
• These companies help fund colonies in America
NEXT

85. The Growth of Mercantilism
SECTION 4
The Growth of Mercantilism
New Economic Policy
• Policy of mercantilism emphasizes national wealth as source of power
Balance of Trade
• One way for nation to increase wealth: gather gold, silver
• Favorable balance of trade when nation sells
more goods than it buys
• Colonies provide raw materials that home country uses to make goods
Continued . . .
NEXT

86. Economic Revolution Changes European Society
SECTION 4
continued The Growth of Mercantilism
Economic Revolution Changes European Society
• Economic changes spur growth of towns, rise of merchant class
• Still, most people are poor and live in rural areas
Image
NEXT