1. CHAPTER 19
THE AGE OF EXPLORATION

2. EUROPEANS EXPLORE THE EAST
New desire for contact with Asia develops in Europe in early 1400s
Main reason for exploration is to gain wealth
Contact during Crusades spurs demand for Asian goods and spices
Italy profited the most from trade with the East after the Crusades
Muslims and Italians control trade from East to West

3. AGE OF EXPLORATION BEGINS
Desire to spread Christianity and find new sources of wealth spurs exploration
Advances in sailing technology made long voyages for the purpose of exploration possible
In 1400s, the caravel makes it possible to sail against wind
Astrolabe makes navigation easier
Magnetic compass improves tracking of direction
Prince Henry of Portugal influences European exploration by setting up (founding) a navigational school
Portugal was the leader of sailing innovations in the 15th century (1400s)

4. BARTOLOMEU DIAS
Portuguese explorer who was the first European to sail around the southern tip of Africa
Cape of Good Hope is the name of the location Dias sailed to
His route stopped just east of Cape Town

5. VASCO DA GAMA
Portuguese sailor who succeeded in gaining a sea route between Portugal and India
The easternmost city Vasco da Gama reached was Calicut, India

6. TREATY OF TORDESILLAS
Portugal complained that the Line of Demarcation (1493), which was a boundary between Spain and Portugal, gave too much to Spain
Spain and Portugal argued over which nation had the rights to the land Columbus had claimed
In 1494, both countries signed this treaty
Portugal won control over the east – Africa, India, and Asia
Spain won control over the Americas

7. EAST INDIA COMPANIES
In the 1600s, the English and the Dutch (Netherlands) controlled trade in the East Indies
They were able to secure power in the Indian Ocean because they set up East India Companies to control Asian trade
The Dutch dominated Indian Ocean trade in the 1700s
These companies were like governments that had the power to make money, sign treaties, and create armies

8. BARTOLOME DE LAS CASAS Catholic priest from Spain
Protested terrible treatment of Native Americans
He did, however, advocate using African laborers
Spoke out against the encomienda system
Encomienda system - Spanish forced Native Americans to work for them; provided a cheap labor source
Spanish felt it was their God-given right to demand labor from Native Americans

9. CHAPTER 20 The Atlantic World

10. CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS
Genoese sea captain Christopher Columbus reached Americas in1492
He believed he was in the East Indies (present-day India), so he called the natives “los indios” (Indians)
Actually landed on an island in the Bahamas (San Salvador)

11. HERNANDO (HERNAN) CORTES
1519 – Hernando Cortes landed in Mexico
He is known as a conquistador, or Spanish conqueror
Cortes and 600 men captured the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan and by 1521, they conquered the Aztec empire
Cortes and the Spanish were able to conquer the Aztec due to superior steel weapons, the use of horses, and other Native American allies
European diseases also wiped out large numbers of Aztecs

12. FRANCISCO PIZZARO
Spanish conquistador, Francisco Pizarro, led a force to the conquer the Inca Empire (present-day Peru) in 1532
Pizarro killed the Inca ruler, Atahualpa, and eventually crushed the Inca Empire

13. OTHER EXPLORERS
Pedro Alvares Cabral claimed Brazil for Portugal (1500)
By the 1530s, the Portuguese settled in Brazil and began growing sugar
Italian explorer, Amerigo Vespucci, identified South America as new continent (1501)
In 1507, German mapmaker named the continents (North and South America) “America”
Vasco Nunez de Balboa was the first European to reach the Pacific Ocean
Ferdinand Magellan left Spain to sail around the world (1519); he was killed and his crew completed the first voyage that circumnavigated the world in 1522

14. SPAIN’S PATTERN OF CONQUEST
Spanish men and Native American women have children
Result is large mestizo—mixed Spanish and native—population
Encomienda system—Spanish force Native Americans to work for them

15. AFRICAN SLAVERY AND NATIVE RESISTANCE
Spain abolished encomienda system (1542)
Enslaved Africans were now used as labor in mines and on farms
Some Native Americans resisted Spanish conquerors
In 1680, Popé leads rebellion against Spanish in modern New Mexico
Spanish were driven out, but returned 12 years later to stay

16. EUROPEAN NATIONS SETTLE NORTH AMERICA
Several European nations fought for control of North America, and England emerged victorious
French, English, Dutch started colonies in North America
European nations also started colonies in Caribbean where large cotton and sugar plantations were worked by enslaved Africans

17. NEW FRANCE Samuel de Champlain founded Quebec
New France—French colony in North America
New France included Great Lakes and Mississippi River valley
New France was very large but had few inhabitants
Main activity of the colony was the fur trade

18. THE ENGLISH ARRIVE IN NORTH AMERICA
King James permitted investors to start North American colony
In 1607, colonists founded Jamestown—English settlement in Virginia (first English colony in Americas)
Early years were very difficult; many died, but settlement took hold
Pilgrims—group persecuted for religion—founded Plymouth in 1620
Puritans—group that sought religious freedom—settled in Massachusetts

19. NEW NETHERLAND In 1609, Henry Hudson explored waterways for Dutch
Dutch claimed land and founded New Netherland—now Albany and New York City
New York City was called New Amsterdam under the Dutch
Dutch focused on fur trade; welcomed settlers from other lands

20. ENGLAND CLAIMS VICTORY
In 1664, English forced Dutch colonists to surrender control of New Netherland; New Netherland became New York
By 1750, about 1.2 million English settlers in 13 colonies
English settlers, pushing west, collide with French possessions
French and Indian War—part of Seven Years’ War—begins (1754)
In 1763, France loses to Britain, gives up its American colonies

21. NATIVES FALL TO DISEASE
Wars were less deadly to Native Americans than European diseases
Colonists used enslaved Africans to work in place of Native Americans

22. CAUSES OF AFRICAN SLAVERY
Slavery existed in Africa for centuries
Spread of Islam produced more slavery in Africa
In African Muslim lands, slaves had some rights
Need for workers in Americas raised demand for enslaved Africans
Africans were able to withstand diseases, had farming skills, and were unlikely to escape
Atlantic slave trade—forced movement of many Africans to Americas; many African families were torn apart

23. AFRICAN SLAVE TRADE (1500-1870)

24. THE TRIANGULAR TRADE
Triangular trade—trade network that linked Europe, Africa, Americas
Manufactured goods move from Europe to Africa
People move from Africa to Americas
Sugar, coffee, tobacco move from Americas to Europe
Voyage of enslaved Africans to Americas known as the Middle Passage
As many as 20 percent of Africans died on these journeys

25. COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE
Columbian Exchange—global transfer of food, plants, animals
Corn and potatoes from Americas became crops in Eastern Hemisphere
New animals and plants introduced by Europeans take hold in Americas
European diseases killed millions of Native Americans

26. RISE OF CAPITALISM
New economic system—capitalism—based on private property and making a profit
Increase in business led to inflation—rising prices—in Europe
Hauls of gold and silver from Americas caused high inflation in Spain
Joint-stock company allows investors to share the risk and profits of businesses
These joint-stock companies helped to fund colonies in America

27. MERCANTILISM
Policy of mercantilism emphasizes national wealth as source of power
One way for nation to increase wealth: gather gold, silver
Favorable balance of trade when nation sells more goods than it buys
Colonies provide raw materials that home country uses to make goods