1. Trading states in Africa
Chapter 11

2. Early civilizations of Africa
Section 1

3. Sahara
Who: Africans
What: the largest desert in the world, a geographic feature in the great variety of African landscapes
Where: Northern Africa
When: 730 BC- present
Why: this desert plays a major role in the development of Africa & it’s trading kingdoms that develop

4. Sahara (6) Who: Africans
What: the largest desert in the world; just one geographic feature in the great variety of African land
Where: North Africa
When: 730 BC- present
Why: the geographic features of this area played a major role in the development of Africa

5. Sahara (7) Who: Africans
What: largest desert in the world; just one of the many geographic features of Africa
Where: Northern Africa
When: 730 BC- present
Why: this desert played a major role in the development of N. Africa = desert = not a lot of vegetation = lower population; trade routes went through here

6. Savannahs (6) Who: Africans
What: grassy plains, make up the continent’s largest & most populated regions
Where: Central & South Africa
When: 730 BC- present
Why: this area had the most vegetation = food = larger population; this geographic region affected how/where ppl lived

7. Savannas (7) Who: Africans
What: grassy plains, the continent’s largest & most populated regions
Where: Central & South Africa
When: 730 BC- present
Why: these grassy plains had a lot of vegetation = food = people = most populous regions of Africa

8. Cataracts (6) Who: Africans What: waterfalls on high plateaues
Where: Africa
When: 730 BC- present
Why: these hindered easy movement from place to place in Africa, acted as barriers = travel from place to place was hard

9. Cataracts (7) Who: Africans
What: waterfalls that hindered movement throughout Africa
Where: high plateaus of Africa
When: 730 BC- present
Why: these served as barriers to trade= they hindered easy movement of ppls from place to place

10. Workbook pg 98 I. A.
1. Sahara- largest desert in the world, shapes Africa = not as many ppl live here b.c. of desert
2. Savannahs- grassy plains w. vegetation = most populous region
3. Cataracts- hindered movement throughout Africa, acted as barriers

11. I. B.
1. Minerals (salt, gold, copper ,iron) showed wealth & power = trade increased
2. Camels could travel long distances w.o water & could carry heavy loads = trade increased

12. Savannah Who: Africans
What: grassy plains, Africa’s largest & most populated region
Where: Central & South Africa
When: 730 BC- present
Why: moving north & south throughout Africa, this is the continent’s most populated region b.c. of all the vegetation

13. Cataracts Who: Africans What: waterfalls on high plateaus
Where: Africa
When: 730 BC- present
Why: these hindered easy movement throughout the continent b.c. they were difficult to cross = limits travel

14. Workbook pg 98 I. A. Geographic patterns
Sahara- desert region in the North (not a lot of ppl live here); Savannahs- most populated due to a lot of vegetation = food
Cataracts, (waterfalls)- restrict people from moving about the continent
B. Resources spur trade
- Salt, gold, iron & copper were valuable = great wealth & power = trade throughout Africa
- Camels allowed more trade through the desert b.c. they were able to carry heavy loads & go long times w.o water= trade increased through the Sahara

15. Desertification Who: Africans
What: a climate change that slowly dried out the Sahara, cropland & pastureland are devoured/destroyed
Where: Northern Africa, Sahara desert
When: 2500 BC
Why: as the land became parched, the desert spread; the desertification led to migration b.c. ppl had to find new areas to live in that maintained their way of life

16. II. Part A.
1) Hunters & gatherers settled down & learned to cultivate the Nile Valley & domesticate animals
2)Sahara used to be covered with rich grasslands & savannah = ppl lived here
3)Desertification- dried out vegetation = ppl migrated (leave)
4) Ppl leave to find new areas that maintain their ways of life

17. II. Part B
1. People migrated all throughout Africa = diverse cultures/languages- root language = Bantu
2. The Bantu spread their skills/language & merge with other groups; still there today

18. Bantu Who: Africans What: the root language of the African languages
Where: Africa, W. Africa
When: 1000BC- present
Why: gives the movement “Bantu migrations” its’ name; Bantu-speakers spread their skills of farming, iron working, & domesticating animals; other existing cultures merged w. Bantu; their influence is still in the languages of that region today

19. Nubia Who: Egyptians, Nubian, Northeast Africans
What: ancient kingdom called Kush
Where: Egypt, northeast Africa, on the Nile
When: 2700 BC
Why: this kingdom was flourishing, trade led to contact b/n Nubia & Egypt; Nubia was under Egyptian control & remained that way for about 500 years = Nubia adopted several Egyptian traditions

20. Meroe

21. Kingdoms of West Africa
Section 2

22. Surplus Who: African Farming Villagers
What: Extra Resources for more than was needed
Where: Africa
When: 100 A.D.
Why: Development of trade allowed the villages to keep more resources. They began to trade their food surplus for products from other villages. This led to an increase in trade.

23. Commodity Who: Africans What: Valuable products Where: Africa
When: 730 B.C A.D.
Why: People needed salt in their diet, especially in hot tropical areas to replace the salt lost from perspiration. Salt was important for the use of food and preservation. The Sahara had an abundance of salt. The Savannah didn’t have enough salt=commodity for them=Trade.

24. WK sheet #2 Cause=Salt is needed for diet and food preservation.
Salt is a commodity esp. for the Savannah.
Effect=Trade, the Savannah doesn’t have enough=willing to trade gold for salt.

25. Ghana Who: Africans, Soninke people
What: It’s a kingdom from many united farming villages.
Where: West Africa
When: 800 A.D.

26. Sundiata Who: Sundiata, ruler of Mali
What: sickly boy regarded as too weak to be a threat, crushed his enemies & created the kingdom of Mali
Where: Egypt/Mali
When:
Why: he crushed his enemies, ran control of the gold trade routes in Africa, & founded the empire of Mali

27. Mali Who: Sundiata What: empire, gold trade route was here
Where: W. Africa
When:
Why: Gold trade routes & salt supplies expanded here; caravan routes made small towns into great trading cities = many people wanted to live here = freedom of religion & tolerance

28. Mansa Musa Who: greatest ruler of the kingdom of Mali
What: greatest ruler of Mali who improved it; converted to Islam
Where: Mali, West Africa
When:
Why: expanded Mali’s borders west to Atlantic ocean & north; ensured peace & order in his empire; converted to Islam = based system of justice on Quran; promoted religious freedom & tolerance; created alliances w. other Muslim states; brought back Muslim scholars to promote Islamic education in Mali = a lot of West Africa is Islamic today

29. Songhai Who: Sunni Ali, Askia Muhammad
What: a new Muslim kingdom in West Africa as Mali was weakening, capital= Goa
Where: present-day Mali & Niger, W. Africa
When: 1464-
Why:
Sunni Ali (at the height) made trade routes (gold & salt) & wealthy cities; professional army protected the empire; provincial governors presided over local states;
Askia: efficient bureaucracy w. separate departments for farming, military, & treasury; disputes over Askia’s leadership after he died = changes in leadership = civil war & unrest
Moroccan invaders used gunpowder to take over

30. Kingdoms & trading states of EastAfrica
Section 3

31. Axum Who: African farmers
What: a kingdom in present day Eritrea, center of goods & ideas (trade)
Where: East Africa
When: 100BC-600s AD
Why: the merging of culture and peoples of Axum gave way to the language of Geez; this kingdom gained control of the Red Sea; trade here led the kingdom to profiting

32. Adulis Who: Axumites What: capital city of Axum, port city
Where: Axum, near the Red Sea
When: 400 AD
Why: this capital commanded triangular trade that connected Africa, India, & the Mediterranean world; a lot of goods passed through here- from the center of Africa out, and from out of Africa into Africa; trade = wealth

33. Wksheet- Axum Christianity brought to region Adulis becomes wealthy
Merging of cultures led to a new language called Geez

34. Ethiopia Who: Axumite kings, Ethiopians
What: a kingdom that was a portion of Axum’s empire, protected by rugged mountains
Where: Red Sea, East Africa,
When: 400 AD- present
Why: Ethiopia was known for it’s large Christian church population; they absorbed many local customs like traditional music; their influence is still in Ethiopian church services today & they are still said in Geez

35. Ethiopia- Worksheet
Ethiopia had a distinct Christian culture w. Christian churches, traditional music, & language Geez; unified their sense of identity

36. King Lalibela Who: King of Ethiopia
What: he directed the building of 11 remarkable churches in Ethiopia during his reign
Where: Ethiopia, East Africa
When:1200s
Why: these 11 churches still exist there today & they illustrate the architectural and artistic skill of the Ethiopian craftsmen of the time; he helped to create Ethiopia’s distinct culture of the time

37. Coastal City States- Wksheet
1. Swahili language is developed
2. Asian traders and immigrants as far away as Indonesia traveled here and added to the mix of peoples here

38. Swahili Who: What: a new vibrant culture and language
Where: East Africa
When: 1000s
Why: international trade system = many ppl mixing & trading = adopt each other’s culture & language = mixing = Swahili (new language)

39. Great Zimbabwe Who: Bantu peoples, ,Portuguese
What: ruins of Bantu peoples, a great inland empire; means “stone houses”
Where: East Africa
When:
Why: built by Bantus in Zimbabwe was a great trade city and in decline when Portuguese traders pushed through to find more gold mines; the capital reached its’ height around 1300 b.c. of the trade network that reached across the Indian Ocean; there was an effective bureaucracy under a God-king; in 1500, Zim fell b.c. there was too high a population &civil war