1. Change in East Asia
Chapter 15, sections 1-3

2. Change in East Asia Outline
Decline of the Qing Dynasty
Reasons for decline
Imperialism reaches China
Revolution in China
Civil war
Chinese society
Rise of Modern Japan
End to isolationism
Meiji Japan
Imperialism reaches Japan

3. Decline of the Qing Dynasty
Remember?
Qing take over after Ming
Kangxi most famous ruler
Originally allowed Europeans, but banned them after fallout with missionaries
Europeans still interested in trade with China
Qing dynasty begins to fall due to external and internal factors

4. External Factor – The Opium War
British are importing more than exporting
Losing $$$
Begin to offer opium grown in India to Chinese
Highly addictive drug, makes $$$ for British
After British refuse to quit selling drug, Chinese begin searches of all goods coming through ports
Upset British begin war in 1839
War ends when British sail up Yangtze River, Qing make peace
Treaty of Nanjing (1842) is signed
Opens 5 ports for British instead of 1
Limits taxes for British goods
Chinese pay for war damages
At port, Europeans followed their own laws…practice called extraterritoriality

5. Internal Factor – Tai Ping Rebellion
Economic issues lead to this peasant rebellion
Led by Hong Xiuquan, who believed he was a brother of Jesus Christ
People were to give up private possessions, people were viewed as equals, everything was to be shared
1853 – Rebels killed 25,000 men, women, and children in Nanjing
1864 – With help from Europeans, Qing took back Nanjing and ended rebellion
20 million died over 14 year period of war

6. Qing Reform
In order to fight rebels, Qing relied on local warlords that taxed their people to raise armies
After rebellion ends, they still hold power
Warlords demand Qing begin practice of self strengthening
Adopting Western technology while maintaining Confucian values
China becomes more open to European ideas, while still holding traditional values

7. Advancing Imperialism and the Open Door
Struggle with foreign powers
Treaty of Tianjin (1858) Chinese legalize opium, opened more ports, gave land to Britain
Treaty forced by Britain and France, Britain would seize Beijing in 1860
Spheres of influence, or areas where imperial powers had exclusive trading rights, existed throughout China
Struggle from within
Emperor Guang Xu started a movement known as the One Hundred Days of Reform
Implemented Western government, educational ideas
Many conservatives did not want change, stopped movement
Guang Xu’s aunt and the imperial army imprisoned him to end efforts

8. Open Door Policy Qing Dynasty continues to weaken
Britain and U.S. afraid of other nations taking over China
1899 – John Hay, US Secretary of State under William McKinley, suggests Open Door Policy
Equal access to Chinese market for all nations
Spheres of influence diminished, but still exist

9. Boxer Rebellion Boxers were members of the Society of Harmonious Fists
Upset with Imperialists in China
Slogan was “destroy the foreigner”
Gangs killed missionaries, Chinese Christians, and any foreigners they crossed
In response, 20,000 troops attacked in August 1900
British, French, Russian, German, Japanese, and American troops
Chinese forced to pay for all damages to powers that crushed Boxers
Known as an indemnity
Chinese now weaker than ever

10. “Change” in China… Change? Sun Yat-sen & Revolution
Nationwide education systems set up
Provincial, or local, elections held for legislative and national assemblies
Still, assemblies could only advise rulers
Nothing really done for peasants
Sun Yat-sen & Revolution
Wanted Qing out
1905 – In Tokyo, found like-minded Chinese and formed the Revolutionary Alliance
Sun said China could be claimed through (1) A military takeover, (2) Preparation for democracy, & (3) A constitutional democracy
Revolutionary Alliance became the Nationalist Party calling for nationalism, democracy, and the right for people to pursue their own livelihood

11. Chinese Civil War Revolution of 1911 China in Chaos
1908 – Guang Xu and aunt Empress Dowager Ci Xi die, Henry Pu Yi takes throne
1911 – Sun Yat-sen’s followers launch attack
Revolutionary Alliance takes China, supported by Western powers
China in Chaos
General Yuan Shigai takes over
Military leader that had led revolution
Yuan cut down on democratic organizations, tried to re-create imperial dynasty
China continued down a path of war even after Yuan’s death

12. Chinese Society Society Culture Westerners in China meant changes
Introduced new transportation and communication
Created an export market
Pushed Chinese market into the world economy
All pushed for commodities, or marketable products from China
Culture
Western books, paintings, music, and ideas were introduced
Cities saw Europeanized changes while rural areas remained traditional

13. Japan and Isolationism
Ending Isolation
Western powers approached Japan hoping for trade
US first to succeed
Matthew Perry and a fleet of warships arrived, left a letter requesting trade from President Millard Fillmore
Also asked for shipwrecked Americans held prisoner
Treaty of Kanagawa (1850s)
Japanese say yes to both
Japanese feel US military superiority warrants concessions, or political compromises
Resisting the New Order
Many upset with foreign relations decision
1863 – Sat-Cho alliance forms, ended Western relations in Japan
1868 – Sat-Cho forced shogun to resign, declared all power returned to emperor

14. Meiji Restoration The Restoration New Politics
Emperor Mutsuhito became symbol of new Sat-Cho era
Called the era Meiji, or “enlightened rule”
New Politics
Stripped Daimyo of land, made them governors of the prefectures, or territories
Japanese studied political systems of Western nations
Two parties began to emerge
Liberals – Wanted a parliament to hold authority
Progressives – Wanted executive/legislative branches
Progressives won, and emperor lost power to prime minister
Upper and lower houses, with both having elected officials and the upper also having appointed officials

15. Meiji Society Economics Social Structure Daily Life
Farmers taxed $$$ instead of % of crops
$$$ raised put towards industry
Social Structure
Military – All men served for 3 years
Education – Followed American system of elementary, secondary, and universities
Daily Life
Women could be educated
Western culture began to influence younger generation
Workers had little rights

16. Imperialist Japan Expansion War with Russia American Relations
Took land in China and Korea
War with Russia
Land disputes in Korea led to war
1904 – Japanese attack Russians
Surprises Russians
Russians brought navy around South Africa to Japan
1905 – Russians surrender to Japan
American Relations
Rocky relations, US fears Japanese influence in East Asia
1905 – Recognize Japan’s control of Korea in return for US control of Philippines
1907 – Teddy Roosevelt restricts Japanese immigration to US, creating tension
1910 – Japan annexes Korea

17. Exit Slip What was the Open Door Policy?
Explain the cause of the Boxer Rebellion.
What kinds of changes did General Yuan Shigai make when he became emperor of China?