4. Size

5. Coastline--smooth, few harbors, poor river transportation, didn’t exactly encourage exploration on the part of Africans or of the African continent countries of the sub-Sahara many in number (50) and landlocked Sub-Saharan Africa Chp. 20 sec. 1

6. population distribution--uneven, people live in the nice areas, along the coast or near the lakes. Plateau--much of Africa is on a plateau

7. Population

8. Tropics—90% of Africa is between the tropics—in the low latitudes Resources—diamonds, gold, alloys Exports—mainly raw materials, which make a few people rich and of those, some are foreigners

9. Escarpments---steep cliffs or slopes (I think of water falls flowing over them) river transportation--- impeded by the escarpments

10. Hydroelectricity--Africa has tremendous potential in this area

11. Equator--cuts through the middle of Africa

12. mirror effect of climates same rings in the same order going out from the equator both north and south--first rain forest, then savannah, desert and Med. Climates Chp. 20 sec. 2

14. Tropical rain forest of the Congo

16. Demographics— –low GDP, –low life expectancy, –high population growth rate (the pop. may double in 20 years), –high infant mortality rate, –large % of pop. < 15 years old, –lowest literacy rate in the world, –low economic growth Chp. 21 sec. 1

17. soil--not good, desert or limited fertility (partly due to slash and burn techniques)

18. Diversity—Africans speak more than 800 languages Urbanization – In this area, people are moving to cities at a rate faster than anywhere else in the world.

19. Mali, Ghana, Zimbabwe--country names related to historical empires Chp. 21 sec. 2

20. Cultural diffusion—the slow spread of culture from one area to another

21. triangular trade--the trade of manufactured goods from Europe or North America to Africa, Slaves from Africa to the Caribbean, and sugar from the Caribbean to N. Am. or Europe.

22. middle passage--the passage where the slaves went to the Caribbean

23. Apartiheid

24. Apartheid--the separation by law of the races in the country of South Africa Nelson Mandela-- South Africa’s first Black president, for many years a jailed leader of the ANC

25. Swahili--a language that reflects the East Coast mixture of Africa, Arabic, and Portuguese Chp. 21 sec. 3

26. Oral Tradition—many of these groups did not have written records, but did have long detailed oral histories Masks, sculpture, dance, music, colorful dress, jewelry—reflects a diverse and rich cultural heritage

27. Cultural Landscape – markets, Churches, Mosques, villages, and some modern cities colonial legacy--political boundaries ignore cultural and ethnic boundaries, leading to war

29. subsistence agriculture--what a large percentage of their population does, grows food for their family--70% of the people are farmers, they grow less than what was grown in the area in 1970 Extended Families—families are very important, many generations live together, having a lot of kids is viewed as a form of “social security” Chp. 22 sec. 1

30. plantation agriculture--there are tea, peanuts, sisal, cocoa, rubber, and palm-oil plantations which are taking more and more land Foreign Investors – Own many of the mines, etc. of South Africa

31. Land use

32. Other Disputes—Civil WarsDisputes—Civil Wars Refugees—a large number of people have been displaced by tribal warfare

33. Infrastructure--poorly developed

34. Desertification--the spread of the Sahara to the south, at when I was in college they said it spread south at the rate of about 20 miles per years, and they blamed it on human activity, now they say it is due in large part to mother nature. Deforestation—an issue here too Chp. 22 sec. 2

35. Desertification

36. Victoria Falls in zimbabwe

37. national parks--such as Kenya’s Nairobi National Park Ecotourism—tourism based on the environmentEcotourism

38. Cultural Landscape

39. Bronze Leopards 5 inches tall, $160 for the pair Made by the people of Benin 20 th Century Pieces Used the “Lost Wax" Made by the people of Benin 20 th Century Pieces Made by the “Lost Wax” process

40. Bronze Guardians ten inches tall, $450 for the pair – also from Benin

41. Chokwe Mask 8” * 5” ---$120 Traditionally used in ceremonies –Fertility or initiation rites –Religious or fun celebration –Wearer take on power –Wearer is sworn to secrecy

42. Maasai Neckwear - Kenya 14 inches across--$140 Takes a month to make This is a wedding necklace Click here

43. Massai home called a Kraal Click here also

44. Another Mask

47. www.cybernet2.com/africa_explore/ safari_photos.htm wmatem.eis.uva.es/~angbar/ Kenya/Kenya.html Try these web pages, they used to work as links— no more, but you can copy and paste them into your browser.