1. Child Development - typical and atypical development
DOS YR 1
Dr Karl Wall
2010

2. Human development Death Older adulthood Adulthood Dimensions
of change:
Physical
Sensory
Motor
Social
Emotional
Cognitive
Reproductive
Experiential
Middle adulthood
Early adulthood
Childhood
Teen years
Puberty
Pre-puberty
Early years
Birth
Pregnancy
Conception

3. 0 – 5 months: ‘typical’ development
From upper part of Figure 10 p64 of Herbert, M. (2003) Typical and Atypical Development. Oxford: BPS Blackwell.

4. 5 months – 1 year: ‘typical’ development
From lower part of Figure 10 p64 of Herbert, M. (2003) Typical and Atypical Development. Oxford: BPS Blackwell.

5. 12 mths – 18 mths: ‘typical’ development.
From upper part of Figure 18 p154 of Herbert, M. (2003) Typical and Atypical Development. Oxford: BPS Blackwell.

6. 18 mths – 60 mths: ‘typical’ development
From lower part of Figure 18 p154 of Herbert, M. (2003) Typical and Atypical Development. Oxford: BPS Blackwell.

7. Variation and range in milestones
From Table 4 ‘Ages when motor skills are achieved’ p95 of Herbert, M. (2003) Typical and Atypical Development. Oxford: BPS Blackwell.

8. Variation and range in milestones 1
Month. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Ave. 3 weeks
Ave. 2 months
Ave. 4.5 months
Holds head steady when held upright
(1 week months)
Lying on tummy lifts self by arms
3 weeks - 5 months
Rolls from side to back wks - 5 mon.
Rolls from back to side
2-7 months
Based on ‘Table 4 ‘Ages when motor skills are achieved’ p95 of Herbert, M. (2003) Typical and Atypical Development. Oxford: BPS Blackwell.

9. Variation and range in milestones 2
Month. 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ave. 3 months
Ave. 7 months
Grasps a cube
2 mths - 7mths
Sits alone with coordination
5 mths - 9 mths
Based on ‘Table 4 ‘Ages when motor skills are achieved’ p95 of Herbert, M. (2003) Typical and Atypical Development. Oxford: BPS Blackwell.

10. Variation and range in milestones 3
Month. 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Ave. 7 mths
Ave. 8 mths
Ave. 9 mths
Crawls
5 mths - 11mths
Pulls to a standing position
5 mths - 12mths
Uses a pincer grasp
7-10 months
Based on ‘Table 4 ‘Ages when motor skills are achieved’ p95 of Herbert, M. (2003) Typical and Atypical Development. Oxford: BPS Blackwell.

11. Variation and range in milestones 4
Mth. 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Ave. 11 months
Ave. 13 months
Stands independently
9 months - 16 months
Walks alone
8 mths - 18mths
Based on ‘Table 4 ‘Ages when motor skills are achieved’ p95 of Herbert, M. (2003) Typical and Atypical Development. Oxford: BPS Blackwell.

12. Sleep
Figure from Thieke (2001) at

13. Child development theories 1
Historically:
Childhood: the early part of being an adult - not a special period
Children as little adults – no special care or attention required; no differentiation between ‘child’ development and ‘adult’ development

14. Child development theories 2
Arnold Gesell ( ): universal patterns of physical maturation, genetically driven and determined > ‘milestones of development’
Sigmund Freud ( ): early childhood experience informs subsequent development; focus on impact of psychosexual influences > type of stage theory

15. Child development theories 3
Erik Erikson ( ): extends Freud’s perspectives:
Brings in environmental factors and more stages issue of overcoming stage related ‘crisis’ events.
B.F. Skinner ( ): Child behaviour shaped by how experience is reinforced:
Role of reward and punishment > experience conditions behaviour

16. Child development theories 4
Alfred Bandura (1925 -present): Learning informed by imitation and social observation
Role of motivation and inner psychological processes
modelling, role models, ‘social’ learning: ‘Social Learning Theory’

17. Child development theories 5
Lev Vygotsky ( ): Learning interactions as basis of development:
Role of social context, language, communication and the mediating influence of others inform a ‘social constructivist’ development
Historical, cultural and social factors inform cognition and development - ‘language’ is the principal societal tool

18. Child development theories 6
Jean Piaget ( ): development seen as:
Four, genetically driven, universal and sequential stages of symbol based ‘cognitive’ development.
These reflect children's individual construction of their own thinking systems, supported by interaction with adults

19. Child development theories 7
John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth (Integrated Attachment Theory):
focus on how parent – child relationships are established
the role of early relational experiences and their impact on how later relationships are formed and maintained
‘Life Course’ perspectives: re-integration of child and adult development as aspects of a single developmental continuum

20. Reference sources 1
Meggitt, C. (2006) Child Development. London: Heinemann.
Miller, L., Rustin, M., Rustin, M. and Shuttleworth, J. (2002).Closely observed infants. London: Duckworth.

21. Reference sources 2
Sylva, K. and Lunt, I. (1982) Child development-a first course. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
Herbert, M. (2003) Typical and Atypical Development. Oxford: BPS Blackwell.
Lewis. V. (2003) Development and Disability. 2nd Edition. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
Sheridan, M. D. (2005) From Birth to Five years [Updated and revised by Frost, M. and Sharma, A.). London: Routledge.
Sheridan, M. D. (2006) Play in Early Childhood – From birth to six years. [Updated and revised by Harding, J. and Meldon-Smith, L.). London: Routledge.

22. Reference sources 3
Butterworth, G. & Harris, M. (1994). Principles of Developmental Psychology. Hove: Psychology Press. Chap. 9: Cognitive development in early childhood; Chap. 10: Cognitive development in middle childhood.
Child, D. (1997). Psychology and the Teacher. London: Cassell. Chap. 7: Concept formation and cognitive development.
Donaldson, M. (1978) Children’s Minds. London: Fontana. (a critique of aspects of Piaget’s stage theory)

23. Reference sources 4
Eysenck. M.W. (2000). Psychology: A Student’s Handbook. Hove, E. Sussex: Psychology Press. Chap. 16: Cognitive development.
Siegler, R.S. & Wagner Alibali, M. (2005). Children’s Thinking. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Chap. 2: Piaget’s theory of development.
Sutherland, P. (1992). Cognitive Development Today: Piaget and his Critics. London: Paul Chapman.
Tharp, R. & Gallimore, R. (1991). A theory of assisted performance, in P. Light, S. Sheldon, M. Woodhead (eds). Learning to Think. London: Routledge.

24. Reference sources 5
Miller, P. H. (2002) Theories of Developmental Psychology (4th edn). New York: Worth.
Kugelmass, J. W. (2007) Constructivist views of learning: implications for inclusive education, in Lani Florian (ed). The SAGE Handbook of Special Education. London: SAGE
De Valenzuela. J. S. (2007) Sociocultural views of learning in Lani Florian (ed). The SAGE Handbook of Special Education. London: SAGE