1. Science Fundamentals

2. Biotechnology is science in action
Most all areas of science are used

3. Science Knowledge about the world we live in
Involves observations, measurements, and experiments to set up general truths or laws
Example – Gravity
Attraction between earth and objects on its surface
Explains the nature and behavior of things in our world

4. Four Areas or Branches Life science Physical science Mathematics
Social science

5. Life Science Study of living things
Structures and processes of organisms that allow them to live and reproduce
Medicine and agriculture are two areas with major interests in life sciences

6. Life Science Most commonly known as Biology
Further divided based on the kinds of organisms being studied

7. Life Science Botony – study of plants – kingdom plantae
Zoology – study of animals - animalia
Bacteriology – study of bacteria – monera
Mycology – study of fungi – fungi
Virology – study of viruses

8. Viruses
Tiny particle that lives in the cells of other living organisms
Hard for scientists to classify
They do not meet the normal conditions to be “living” organisms

9. Physical Science Study of non living things around us
Living things depend on these non living materials for life supporting essentials such as water and minerals
Rocks, mechanics, and climate are three examples

10. Physical Science
Chemistry – study of the composition of substances. Includes how the substances relate to each other
Physics – study of energy and matter. Physical nature of objects, heat, light, sound, minerals and electricity

11. Physical Science
Earth Science – study of the environment and composition of the planet earth
Meteorology, geology, geography, and oceanography

12. Mathematics Science of numbers
Includes both simple and advanced operations
Statistics is often used in biotechnology, helps summarize and interpret data

13. Social Science
Study of interactions of people as individuals and groups.
Includes sociology, ethics, anthropology and other areas
Social science helps interpret how people will respond to new developments
Has a large role in acceptance and benefits gained from biotech

14. Many Sciences together
Biotech uses all four of the branches of science

15. Matter and Energy
Chemists and physicists study matter and energy in detail
Basic understanding of matter and energy is needed to successfully do biotech work

16. Matter and Molecules Everything is composed of matter
Matter is anything that has mass
Three common states of matter: solid, liquid, gas
All three states are used in biotech

17. Matter All matter is made of chemical elements
Element – any substance that cannot be broken down into simpler material by ordinary means
Elements are fundamental units of a chemical substance

18. Elements
In their pure form, elements are made up entirely of atoms with the same number of protons.
Common elements in our world include oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen and iron

19. Atom Smallest unit in which an element can exist
Some atoms can exist alone, others are in pairs
Copper can exist alone, oxygen exists as paired atoms O2
Most elements are natural, others artificial

20. Elements 115 Elements have been identified Not all have been named
94 are natural
Additional artificial elements may be added in the future
Periodic table is used to list and see relationships of elements

21. Atoms Composed of protons, neutrons and electrons
The number of protons in the atom is its atomic number
Atomic numbers establish the positions of elements on the periodic table
Each element is assigned a symbol of one to three letters

22. Matter Is made of molecules
Molecule – smallest group of atoms that acts together to form a stable, independent substance
Simplest molecules are composed of only two or three atoms
Water is an example – 2 atoms of H and one atom of O = H2O

23. Energy and Work Energy is the capacity or ability to do work
Forms of energy include chemical, heat, sound, light and electricity
When force acts on a body, work is performed and energy is expended

24. Energy
Potential energy – capacity for doing work that a body has because of its position
Heavy object lifted high has potential energy because of its position
Kinetic energy – energy a body has because it is in motion

25. Chemical Energy Present in chemical bonds that have formed molecules
Produced in living organisms when molecules are broken into smaller molecules or atoms
Chemical bonds hold energy that is released when the molecules are broken down

26. Scientific Classification
Careful study and observation of organisms
Taxonomy – classification of living things
Seven divisions in scientific classification
Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family genus, species

27. Kingdom Broadest classification Five kingdoms
Plantae, Animalia, Fungi, Protista, and Monera
Scientists are now exploring the possibility of a sixth kingdom consisting of what is known to them as brown plants

28. Names of Organisms Common names Scientific names
Binomial nomenclature – two names
Most in Latin
Genus is capitalized, species is not, both are underlined
Zea maize - corn

29. Life Processes
Living condition – the ability of the protoplasm in its cells to carry out complex chemical processes.
When the processes stop the organism is no longer living
Life Process – am essential function for an organism to be in the living condition

30. Life Processes Growth and repair Circulation Respiration Secretion
Sensation
Movement
Reproduction

31. Reproduction Not essential for an organism to live
Essential for continuation of the species of the organism

32. Biotechnology uses and affects life processes such as giving a growth hormone to cows to increase milk production.
Can be used to restore functions of organs by stimulating growth of new cells and tissues

33. Growth and Repair Occur throughout life Require food nutrients
Occur most rapidly in young organisms
Rate declines as age increases

34. Growth
Process by which cellular components and structures increase in size
Growth of individual cells and growth of populations of cells are two separate events
Growth of a cell results in increased size and weight
Results from cell division

35. Growth
Cell growth and division lead to population growth, an increase in the number of cells
Growth is within the appropriate range for the species.

36. Repair The replacement of cells Removes and replaces damaged cells
Regeneration – re-growing of a damaged or missing tissue
Lizzards can grow a new tail, starfish can grow new arms
Regeneration does not happen in humans

37. Obtaining food and nutrients
Food enables organisms to grow as repair damaged cells
Substances in foods that are used for life processes are nutrients
Processes in involved in using food materials: ingestion, digestion, absorption and elimination

38. Animals need carbohydrates, proteins, minerals, vitamins and other nutrients
Their diets or rations must include the necessary nutrients in the proper proportions

39. Photosynthesis Process by which plants make food
Plant growth can be promoted by assuring that adequate nutrients are available
Soil tests can assess nutrient level and recommend needed fertilizer additions

40. Circulation Movement of substances within the organism Blood - animals
Water and nutrients – plants
In plants circulation takes place through the xylem and phloem
Xylem carries food and nutrients up
Phloem carries manufactured food down

41. Respiration Oxidation process in living cells
Releases the chemical energy in food
Makes energy available for use by the organism
Produces wastes that must be removed from the body
Carbon Dioxide

42. Respiration
Respiratory system obtains oxygen and makes it available to the blood
Major organs – lungs, blood vessels
Blood system collects carbon dioxide from the organs and delivers it to the lungs for removal from the body
Stomata – tiny pores in leaves allow exchange of Carbon dioxide and oxygen

43. Secretion Glands of organisms produce and release substances
Promote life processes
All internal and external body fluids except urine are secretions

44. Gland Specialized organ or tissue that produces secretions
Pituitary gland, salivary gland, liver, kidneys
Male and female reproductive tracts also have glands that produce hormones

45. Sensation Awareness of environment
Vision, taste, smell, hearing, touch
Plants respond to light stimuli

46. Movement Internal and external
Plants move as they respond to their environment
Animals move to get food, escape danger, seek a mate
Some animals move very little – oysters tend to remain in the same place until food comes along

47. Elimination
Process by which organism removes wastes and harmful substances from its body
Wastes include solids as well as fluids and gases
In plants most elimination is through the stomata. They release gases and water into the air

48. Structures of Living Organisms
Cells – building blocks of living organisms
Cell is a unit of life that has a definite structure
All cells have a membrane that contains protoplasm, a nucleus, and cytoplasm
Cells vary among organisms but tend to have the same parts

49. Plant cells have walls that give a rigid protective shell and allow plants to have shape and form
Animal cells do not have walls
Cells vary in size
Cells may be specialized and form tissues, organs and organ systems

50. Cell specialization
Cells must be different to perform different functions
Specialized cells form tissues that are eyes, skin, muscles, glands and other body structures

51. Tissues A group of cells that are alike in structure and activity
Perform a specific function
Specialized cells include skin, bones, muscles, nerves
In plants specialized plant tissues include rinds, skins, flower petals, roots, leaves

52. Organs Collection of tissues that work together to perform a function
May contain several different tissues

53. Organ Systems
Collection of organs that work together to perform a specific function for an organism
Found in higher organisms
Major systems of animals and plants
Circulatory system, reproductive system

54. DNA, Proteins, Enzymes and Lipids
Each performs or promotes functions within organisms
Important areas in manipulating cells and organisms
Major focus of genetic engineering

55. DNA Two types of nucleic acid RNA and DNA
DNA found in the chromosomes in the cell nucleus
RNA – found throughout a cell but mostly in the nucleus

56. RNA Long chains of nucleotide units
Role in formation of proteins in cells
Messenger RNA – leaves the cell and carries the message about making a protein
mRNA has genetic code info that determines the position of amino acids
Has three nucleotides known as a codon

57. DNA
Molecule in the chromosome that furnishes the genes with information for development
Genes carry genetic info – hereditary traits
A long polymer of repeating units
Composed of two strands

58. Proteins Consists of amino acids
Important in nutrition and growth of an organism
Sequence of amino acids gives proteins different properties
More that 20 proteins have been identified
Some are essential, some are not

59. Essential Amino Acids (AA’s)
Vary with the animal’s digestive system
Ruminants require fewer essential AA’s than monogastrics
10 AA’s are common for most animals

60. Protein Made up of four chemical elements H, C, N, O
Arrangement of the elements determines type of AA
Some proteins also contain S, Fe, and P

61. Protein
Animals must have protein to grow, repair cells, and carry out life processes
Young needed higher percentage of protein
Proteins are important in research
Antibodies, hormones, hemoglobin, albumin

62. Protein engineering Design of non natural proteins
Begins with a natural protein that is modified in some way
Altering the properties of an antibody
Altering proteins to serve as drugs

63. Enzymes Kind of protein Act as catalysts Produced by living cells
Highly specific

64. Catalyst
Substance that alters the rate of a chemical reaction without being changed or used up itself.

65. Enzymes
Make enzyme more specific in terms of the reactions it catalyzes
How effective it is
How long it lasts
Study of enzymes is enzymology
Given names and numbers provided by the Enzyme commission (EC)

66. Enzymes Classified into 6 groups Each has a four digit number
First number is the group into which it fits

67. Lipids Organic compound of fatty acid
Soluble in organic solvents but not water
Form fairly large group of oily or fatty substances
Important in animal nutrition
Animal fats and plant oils are lipids

68. Lipids Classified into three groups Simple, complex and derived
Simple – fats, oils and waxes
Complex – phospholipids
Derived - steroids

69. Lipids Concentrated sources of food energy
Higher calories than protein or carbs
Some help form membranes
Cholesterol is a steroid lipid
Transgenic forms of canola have been developed with larger amounts of desired lipids
Margarine